Fibronectin type iii domain proteins with enhanced solubility

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are polypeptides comprising a modified fibronectin type III (Fn3) domain, wherein the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated, and wherein the solubility is enhanced relative to the solubility of a Fn3 domain in which the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated. Also provided are libraries comprising a plurality of the polypeptides and a method for identifying a polypeptide that binds to a target.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/761,452, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Fibronectin is a large protein which plays essential roles in theformation of extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions; itconsists of many repeats of three types (types I, II, and III) of smalldomains. Fibronectin type III (Fn3) domains are frequently found asportions of cell adhesion molecules, cell surface hormone and cytokinereceptors, chaperones, and carbohydrate-binding domains. A wildtypc Fn3domain is small, monomeric, soluble, and stable. It lacks disulfidebonds and, therefore, is stable under reducing conditions. For reviewssee Bork & Doolittle, 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(19):8990-4; Borket al., 1994, J Mol Biol. 242(4):309-20; Campbell & Spitzfaden,Structure 2(5):333-7 (1994); Harpez & Chothia, 1994, J Mol Biol.238(4):528-39.

Fibronectin based scaffolds are a family of proteins having animmunoglobulin like fold. These proteins, which generally make use of ascaffold derived from a fibronectin type III (Fn3) or Fn3-like domain,function in a manner characteristic of natural or engineered antibodies(e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, or single-chain antibodies) and containloops that are analogously located to the complementarity determiningregions (CDRs) of an antibody variable domain. In addition, fibronectinbased scaffolds possess structural advantages. Specifically, thestructures of these antibody mimics have frequently been optimized foroptimal folding, stability, and solubility, even under conditions thatnormally lead to the loss of structure and function in antibodies. Anexample of fibronectin-based scaffold proteins are Adnectins (byAdnexus, a wholly owned subsidiary of Bristol-Myers Squibb), which are aclass of targeted biologies derived from the tenth type III domain⁽¹⁰Fn3) of human fibronectin. It has been shown that the CDR-like loopregions of the fibronectin based scaffolds can be modified to evolve aprotein capable of binding to a target of interest. For example, U.S.Pat. No. 7,115,396 describes Fn3 domain proteins wherein alterations tothe BC, DE, and FG loops result in high affinity TNFα binders. U.S. Pat.No. 7,858,739 describes Fn3 domain proteins wherein alterations to theBC, DE, and FG loops result in high affinity VEGFR2 binders. The firstAdnectin tested in a clinical trial, CT-322, targets vascularendothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Pre-clinical (Mamluk, R.et al., 2010, mAbs 2, 199-208) and Phase I studies on CT-322 (Bloom, L.& Calabro, V., 2009, Drug Discov. Today 14, 949-955; Molckovsky, A. &Siu, L. L., 2008, J. Hematol. Oncol. 1, 20; Tolcher, A. W. et al., 2011,Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 363-371) demonstrated that it was well toleratedand produced pharmacological effects expected from the inhibition of theVEGFR-2 pathway.

Protein aggregation can be a challenge for protein based therapeutics,such as fibronectin based scaffolds, in particular where high proteinconcentration formulations are desirable for drug delivery. In addition,aggregation can cause challenges with production and manufacturing, leadto undesirable activities such as unintended receptor agonism, andpotentially impact drug safety by induction of an immune response. SeeShire, S. J. et al., 2004, J Pharm Sci. 93: 1390-402; Vazquez-Rey, M.and Lang, D. A., 2011, Biotechnol Bioeng 108: 1494-508; and Barker, M.P. et al., 2010, Self Nonself 1: 314-322. Consequently, it is desirableto generate and/or select protein therapeutics, such as fibronectinbased scaffolds, that have enhanced solubility or reduced aggregationpropensity.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are polypeptides comprising a modified fibronectin typeIII (Fn3) domain, wherein the modified Fn3 domain comprises an aminoacid sequence wherein the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQID NO: 1 is mutated, and wherein the solubility of the modified Fn3domain is enhanced relative to the solubility of a Fn3 domain whereinthe amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is notmutated, provided that in the modified Fn3 domain,

-   -   (i) the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1        is not mutated to Ala (A) or Ile (I);    -   (ii) if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO:        1 is mutated to Ile (I), at least one of the amino acids        corresponding to residues 23-29, 52-54 and 56 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is        the same as the corresponding residue of SEQ ID NO: 1;    -   (iii) if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID        NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A), at least one of the amino acids        corresponding to residues 23, 24, 26, 29, 52-54, and 56 of SEQ        ID NO: 1 is the same as the corresponding residue of SEQ ID NO:        1; or    -   (iv) if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO:        1 is mutated to Ala (A), three residues of the BC loop are the        same as the corresponding residues in the BC loop of SEQ ID NO:        1, or two residues of the DE loop are the same as the        corresponding residues in the DE loop of SEQ ID NO:1.

Also provided herein are libraries comprising a plurality of thepolypeptides described herein, methods for identifying a polypeptidethat binds to a target comprising screening a library described herein,and isolated polypeptides identified by such a method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows an alignment of human wildtype ⁷Fn3, ¹⁰Fn3, and ¹⁴Fn3domains. The beta-strands are shown in bold and underlined. The Thrresidues corresponding to T58 of the human wildtype ¹⁰Fn3 are boxed.

FIG. 2 shows an example salting out curve for 1 mg/ml adnectin IGFR #1.The data are fit to a sigmoidal curve function from which the midpointof the salting out transition (AS_(m)) is determined.

FIG. 3 shows ammonium sulfate salting out data for adnectins. A) EGFR#1-7 and IGFR #1 adnectins. B) EI-tandem adnectins. C) PEGylatedEI-tandem adnectins (EI-tandem-PEG), where the inset shows the data withan expanded x-axis. Symbols correspond to the identity of the anti-EGFRadnectin domain in each molecule as follows: EGFR #1 (open up-triangleΔ), EGFR #2 (closed up-triangle ▴), EGFR #3 (open square □), EGFR #4(closed square ▪), EGFR #5 (closed circle ●), EGFR #6 (closed downtriangle ▾), EGFR #7 (open circle ∘). IGF1R #1 is indicated by (cross x)in panel A). D) Correlation between ASm values for anti-EGFRmonoadnectins and EI-tandems (closed triangles ▴ with solid line fit) orwith PEGylated EI-tandem adnectins (closed circles ● with dashed linefit).

FIG. 4. Effect of PEGylation on the salting out of a domain antibody. A)Salting out curve for domain antibody molecule dAb1 (closed squares ▪)or dAb1 PEGylated on a free cystine residue with 30 kDa linear PEG (opencircles ∘) or with 40 kDa single branched PEG (open up triangles Δ).

FIG. 5 shows ammonium sulfate salting out data for Fc-fusion moleculesusing the automated method. A) Assay reproducibility is demonstratedwith 3-4 replicate experiments for Adn-Fc-A (open circle ∘), Adn-Fc-B(open square □) and Adn-Fc-K (open up-triangle Δ). B) Ammonium sulfatesalting out data for 2.1, 1.5, 0.9, 0.45, 0.3, 0.15 and 0.075 mg/mlAdn-Fc-K as detected by A280 or by C) intrinsic fluorescence. D)Logrithmic dependence of ASm values on the protein concentration tested,as demonstrated for Adn-Fc-K (closed circle ●), dAb3-1-IgG1* (openup-triangle Δ) and dAb5-4-IgG 1* (open square □).

FIG. 6. Solubility and stability data for Adn-Fcs. A) Change in highmolecular weight species (% HMW) over time for 1 mg/ml Adn-Fc moleculesfollowing exposure to 30-37° C. thermal stress, as measured by SEC. B) %HMW for Adn-Fc molecules at elevated protein concentrations asdetermined by SEC. C) Example salting out data for Adn-Fc proteins.Symbols in panels A-C are as follows: Adn-Fc-a (open star ⋆), Adn-Fc-A(closed star ★), Adn-Fc-B (open circle ∘), Adn-Fc-b (closed circle ●),Adn-Fc-C (open square □), Adn-Fc-D (closed square ▪), Adn-Fc-E (closeddiamond ⋄), Adn-Fc-F (cross x), Adn-Fc-G (plus +), Adn-Fc-H (open downtriangle ∇), Adn-Fc-I (open up triangle Δ), Adn-Fc-J (closed up triangle▴), Adn-Fc-K (closed down triangle ▾), Adn-Fc-L (open diamond ⋄). D) ASmvalues for Adn-Fc molecules, sorted from left to right by increasing ASmvalue at 0.45 mg/ml [protein]. Error bars represent the standarddeviation of 3-4 independent experiments.

FIG. 7. Solubility and oligomeric state of dAb-Fc molecules. A) Examplesalting out data for dAb-Fc proteins. B) Concentration-dependence of Rhfor selected dAb-Fcs as measured by DLS. The symbols in panels A and Bare as follows: dAb2-2-IgG1** (open down-triangle ∇), dAb2-3-IgG1**(closed circle ●), dAb3-1-IgG1* (open up-triangle Δ), dAb5-4-IgG 1*—CHO(closed down-triangle ▾), dAb6-2-IgG 1* (closed up-triangle ▴),dAb8-1-IgG1* (closed diamond ♦), dAb8-3-IgG1* (open circle ∘),dAb8-2-IgG4 (closed square ▪), dAb9-1-IgG1* (open square □). Error barsin panel B represent the standard deviation of 3-4 measurements. C)Overlay of ASm values (closed up-triangle ▴) and hydrodynamic radiusvalues (∘) for all dAb-Fc molecules tested.

FIG. 8. % HMW for dAb-5-5-IgG1* at elevated protein concentrations asdetermined by analytical SEC.

FIG. 9. Example salting out data for mAbs with different Fc domains ordifferent Fab domains.

FIG. 10. Example salting out data anti-EGFR adnectin mutants. Symbolsrepresent the data for wild type EGFR #8, AS_(m)=2.11 M (open circle ∘),and mutants V54→A, AS_(m)=2.25 M (open square □), T58→E, AS_(m)=2.17 M(open up-triangle Δ), and D77→A, AS_(m)=1.96 M (open down triangle ∇).

FIG. 11. Measured and predicted solubility of EGFR #8 adnectin mutants.A) Solubility of wild type and mutant EGFR #8 proteins in 2.0 M AS(light grey bars) or 2.2 M AS (dark grey bars). Data for wild type EGFR#8 represent the average with standard deviation error bars from threeindependent measurements. B) Spatial-aggregation-propensity (SAP) valuesfor all EGFR #8 adnectin mutants, at R=5 Å (light grey bars) and R=10 Å(dark grey bars).

FIG. 12. Comparison of antibody, VH fragment, and Adnectin showingrelative size of the molecules. Cartoon diagrams of (A) IgG1 (PDB ID1IGT), (B) VHH (1F2X) with the CDRs marked 1, 2, 3, (C) an Adnectin,with the diversified loops marked BC, DE, and FG, and (D) superpositionof an Adnectin and VHH showing that the positions of BC, DE, and FGloops are similar to those CDRs 1, 2, and 3.

FIG. 13. Binding of Adnectin 1 to EGFR. (A) The EGFR is represented as agray surface and shown bound to Adnectin 1 on domain I and the Fvportion of cetuximab on domain III (PDB 1YY9; Li et al., 2005). Adnectinand cetuximab are shown as cartoons with β-strands (red), andnon-repetitive secondary structure (cyan). (B) Residues of Adnectin 1involved in contacts with EGFR. The Adnectin backbone is shown as acartoon with the following color scheme: β-strands (red), non-repetitivesecondary structure (orange), and diversified loops (magenta). Residuesinvolved in contacts from the diversified loops are shown with magentacarbon atoms. Residues involved in contacts from the remainder of theAdnectin are shown with black carbon atoms and black regions on thesecondary structure cartoon. Note the sequential stretch in the D strandthat contacts EGFR. (C) Interaction between Adnectin and EGFR domain I.Adnectin is in magenta and EGFR cartoon is in cyan. The interactingsurface on EGFR shows the stricter definition of contacting residues inorange and the relaxed definition of buried residues in yellow. (D)Overlap of Adnectin 1 and EGF contacting surfaces on EGFR domain I areshown. Adnectin 1 (cyan) and EGF (orange) are represented as cartoons.The unique contacting surfaces and overlapping surface are shown asAdnectin 1 (yellow), EGF (red), and for both (magenta). (E).β-strand-like interactions between EGFR residue 15-18 and Adnectin 1residues 76-79 with N . . . O═C hydrogen bonds formed between Q16 N andD77 O, K79 N and Q16 O, and L17 N and K79 O, and a side-chain hydrogenbond between T16 OG1 and D77 OD1.

FIG. 14. Binding of Adnectin 2 to IL-23. (A) The IL-23 is represented asa gray surface and shown bound to Adnectin 2 at the interface betweenthe p40 and p19 subunits and the Fv portion of 7G10 is shown bound top19 subunit (PDB 3D85; Beyer et al., 2008). Adnectin and 7G10 are shownas cartoons with the same color coding as FIG. 2A. (B) Adnectin 2residues involved in contacts with IL-23. Adnectins 1 (FIG. 2B) and 2are oriented identically to allow comparison of the differing shapes byinspection. Color coding the same as in FIG. 2B. In Adnectin 2 thefollowing regions make contact with IL-23: the N-terminal region, the Cstrand, the CD loop, the E strand and the F strand. (C) Interactionbetween Adnectin and IL-23 with the color coding of the surface and theAdnectin the same as FIG. 2C. The p40 domain (chain A) is shown in alighter cyan and the p19 domain (chain B) is shown in a darker cyan. (D)A view of the Adnectin 2/IL-23 interaction involving only thediversified loops and N-terminal region. Same color coding as part (C).(E) A view showing only residues 76-85 of the FG loop of Adnectin 2bound to IL-23.

FIG. 15. Comparison of Adnectin 1 and Adnectin 2 with ¹⁰Fn3. (A) Aminoacid sequences of the two Adnectins vs. the parent ¹⁰Fn3 domain. Theparts of BC, DE, and FG loops that were diversified are underlined inthe figure, encompassing residues 23-29, 52-55, and 77-86, respectively.(B, C) Two orthogonal views superimposed on PDB 1FNF residues 1416 to1509. Color code: 1FNF (blue), Adnectin 1 (red), and Adnectin 2 (cyan).Note the excellent superposition of the core β-strands and the AB and EFloops. The DE loop, which is quite short, shows little variation inthese structures. The BC loop shows modest variation. In contrast, theFG loop shows dramatic variation in position even between theequal-length Adnectin 2 and ¹⁰Fn3 loops. In Adnectin 1, the F and Gβ-strands extend farther into the diversified region; however, tohighlight the diversified region those residues were drawn asnon-repetitive secondary structure. Although the N-termini of the ¹⁰Fn3and Adnectin 1 are similar, that of Adnectin 2 differs considerably.

FIG. 16. Stereo views of the initial electron density with the finalmodel of the diversified loops, which were not included in the initialmodel, of (A) of Adnectin 1 and (B) Adnectin 2.

FIG. 17. Stereo views of parts C and D of FIG. 13. Both figures rotated90° in z from their representation in FIG. 13 to accommodate aninterocular distance of ˜60 mm for stereo viewing. C. Interactionbetween Adnectin 1 and EGFR domain I. Cartoons of Adnectin is in magentaand EGFR is in cyan. The interacting surface on EGFR shows contactingresidues in orange and buried residues in yellow. D. Overlap of Adnectin1 and EGF contacting surfaces on EGFR domain 1 are shown. Adnectin 1(cyan) and EGF (blue) are represented as cartoons. The contactingsurfaces are shown Adnectin 1 (yellow), EGF (red), and the overlappingsurface (magenta).

FIG. 18. Stereo views of parts C, D, and E of FIG. 14. Figures C and Dare rotated 90° in z from their representation in FIG. 14 to accommodatean interocular distance of ˜60 mm for stereo viewing. C. Interactionbetween Adnectin and IL-23. The Adnectin is shown as a cartoon(magenta). The cartoons of the p40 domain (chain A) is shown in alighter cyan and the p 19 domain (chain B) is shown in a darker cyan.The interacting surface on IL-23 shows contacting residues in orange andburied residues in yellow. D.A view of the Adnectin 2/IL-23 interactioninvolving only the diversified loops and N-terminal region. Same colorcoding as part (C). E.A view of the Adnectin 2/IL-23 interactioninvolving only the FG loop. Same color coding as part (C).

FIG. 19. Stereo views of the superposition of ¹⁰Fn3-based variants,related to FIG. 15, parts B and C, but showing additional ¹⁰Fn3-basedvariants. B. Stereo view of superposition of the ¹⁰Fn3-based domains of2GCF (orange), 3CSB (pink), 3CSG (raspberry), 3K2M (chain C) (green),3QHT (chain B) (slate), 3QWQ (red), and 3QWR (cyan) on domain 10 1FNF(blue). This view is rotated 90° in z compared to FIG. 15B toaccommodate an interocular distance of ˜60 mm. C. Stereo view ofsuperposition of the ¹⁰Fn3-based domains of 20CF (orange), 3CSB (pink),3CSG (raspberry), 3K2M (chain C) (green), 3QHT (chain B) (slate), 3QWQ(red), and 3QWR (cyan) on domain 10 1FNF (blue). This view is the sameorientation as FIG. 15C, but compared to the A (above) rotated 90° in zand then 90° in y. These figures emphasize that the core of the¹⁰Fn3-based domains is maintained, but diversified loops can vary inconformation to accommodate binding to target.

FIG. 20. Oligomeric state and thermal stability of EGFR #8 Adnectins. A)SEC chromatograms for EGFR #8 (75 ug load), EGFR #8-T58E (73 ug load)and EGFR #8-T58D (52 ug load). B) DSC thermogram data for 1 mg/mlsamples of EGFR #8 Adnectins in PBS pH 7.1. C) Fit DSC data for EGFR #8.D) Fit DSC data for EGFR #8-T58E. E) Fit DSC data for EGFR #8-T58D.

FIG. 21. Ammonium sulfate salting out curves for EGFR #8 proteins testedat 0.33 mg/ml. Symbols represent the data for wild type EGFR #8,AS_(m)=2.08 M (open circle ∘), EGFR #8-T58E, AS_(m)=2.15 M (open square□), and EGFR #8-T58D, AS_(m)=2.16 M (open up-triangle Δ).

FIG. 22. Aggregation propensity of EGFR #8 Adnectins. A) Relationshipbetween measured protein concentration versus expected proteinconcentration (based on visual volume estimates) for Adnectinsconcentrated at small scale using ultrafiltration. B) Percentage of highmolecular weight (% HMW) species in the soluble fraction of theconcentrated Adnectin samples as measured by SEC.

FIG. 23. Accelerated stability data for EGFR #8 Adnectins in PBS pH 7.1.A) Adnectin protein concentration at time zero (t0) and after 1 week (1w) or 2 weeks (2w) at 40° C. as measured by A₂₈₀. B) Changes in solubleprotein concentration as measured by integration of SEC peaks. C)Percentage of high molecular weight (% HMW) species in the solublefraction as measured by SEC after 1 week (1 w) or 2 weeks (2w) at 40° C.

FIG. 24. Amino acid sequence alignment of EGFR #4 and EGFR #8 with the“BC”, “DE” and “FG” target binding loop sequences indicated.

FIG. 25. Oligomeric state and thermal stability of EGFR #4 Adnectins. A)SEC chromatograms for EGFR #4 (50 ug load) or EGFR #4-T58E (50 ug load).B) DSC thermogram data for 1 mg/ml samples of EGFR #4 Adnectins in PBSpH 7.1. C) Fit DSC data for EGFR #4. D) Fit DSC data for EGFR #4-T58E.

FIG. 26. Ammonium sulfate salting out curves for EGFR #4 Adnectinstested at 0.3 mg/ml. Symbols represent the data for wild type EGFR #4,AS_(m)=0.865±0.014 M (open circle ∘), EGFR #4-T58E, ASm=1.024±0.003(open square □).

FIG. 27. Aggregation propensity of EGFR #4 Adnectins. A) Relationshipbetween measured protein concentration versus expected proteinconcentration (based on visual volume estimates) for Adnectinsconcentrated at small scale using ultrafiltration. B) Percentage of highmolecular weight (% HMW) species in the soluble fraction of theconcentrated Adnectin samples incubated overnight at room temperature asmeasured by SEC.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The term “polypeptide” refers to any sequence of two or more aminoacids, regardless of length, post-translation modification, or function.Polypeptides can include natural amino acids and non-natural amino acidssuch as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,126, incorporated hereinby reference. Polypeptides can also be modified in any of a variety ofstandard chemical ways (e.g., an amino acid can be modified with aprotecting group; the carboxy-terminal amino acid can be made into aterminal amide group; the amino-terminal residue can be modified withgroups to, e.g., enhance lipophilicity; or the polypeptide can bechemically glycosylated or otherwise modified to increase stability orin vivo half-life). Polypeptide modifications can include the attachmentof another structure such as a cyclic compound or other molecule to thepolypeptide and can also include polypeptides that contain one or moreamino acids in an altered configuration (i.e., R or S; or, L or D).

As used herein, a “fibronectin based scaffold” or “FBS” protein ormoiety refers to proteins or moieties that are based on a domain infibronectin, e.g., fibronectin type III (“Fn3”) repeat. A protein or adomain (of a protein) that is based on an Fn3 repeat is referred toherein as “Fn3 protein,” “Fn3 domain protein” or “Fn3 domain.” Fn3 is asmall (about 10 kDa) domain that has the structure of an immunoglobulin(Ig) fold (i.e., an Ig-like β-sandwich structure, consisting of sevenβ-strands and six loops). Fibronectin has 18 Fn3 repeats, and while thesequence homology between the repeats is low, they all share a highsimilarity in tertiary structure. Fn3 domains are also present in manyproteins other than fibronectin, such as adhesion molecules, cellsurface molecules, e.g., cytokine receptors, and carbohydrate bindingdomains. The term “fibronectin based scaffold” protein or moiety or “Fn3protein” or “Fn3 domain” or “Fn3 domain protein” is intended to includeproteins or domains based on Fn3 domains from these other (i.e., nonfibronectin) proteins. Exemplary Fn3 domains include the 7^(th), 10^(th)and 14^(th) fibronectin type III domain, which are referred to herein as⁷Fn3, ¹⁰Fn3 and ¹⁴Fn3, respectively. As used herein, a “Fn3 domain” or“Fn3 moiety” or “Fn3 domain protein” refers to wildtype Fn3 (e.g., SEQID NOs: 1-8, 10, 12, 14 or 16, 65 or 66) and biologically activevariants thereof, e.g., biologically active variants that mayspecifically bind to a target, such as EGFR, IL23 and IGF1R. Forexample, ¹⁰Fn3 molecules binding to specific targets may be selectedfrom ¹⁰Fn3 libraries using the PROfusion technique, which is described,e.g., in WO02/32925. A wild type ¹⁰Fn3 domain may comprise one of theamino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-8, 10, 12, 14, 16. Theamino acid sequence of wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3 is set forth in SEQ IDNO: 1. A wild type ⁷Fn3 domain may comprise the amino acid sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 65. A wild type ¹⁴Fn3 domain may comprise the aminoacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66. Biologically active variantsof a Fn3 domain include Fn3 domains that comprise at least, at most orabout 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,38, 39, or 40 amino acid variations, i.e., substitutions, additions ordeletions, relative to a Fn3 domain comprising an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-16, and 65-71. A biologically active variantof a Fn3 domain may also comprise, or comprise at most, 1-3, 1-5, 1-10,1-15, 1-20, 1-25, 1-30, or 1-40 amino acid changes relative to a Fn3domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-16,and 65-71. In certain embodiments, a biologically active variant of aFn3 domain does not comprise more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40 amino acidvariations, i.e., substitutions, additions or deletions, relative to anFn3 domain comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-16, and 65-71. An amino acid change(s) may be in a loop region and/orin a non-loop region, e.g., a β-strand. Exemplary degenerate ¹⁰Fn3 aminoacid sequences are provided herein as SEQ ID NOs: 17-29.

The phrase “comprising an amino acid sequence based on” a specific orfirst sequence is intended to include amino acid sequences that arederived from the specific or first amino acid sequence, e.g., by aminoacid substitutions, additions or deletions. For example, a proteincomprising an amino acid sequence based on an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-29 and 65-66 refers to a protein comprisingan amino acid sequence that is derived from any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-29 and65-66, including, e.g., a protein comprising an amino acid sequence thatdiffers from one or more of SEQ ID NOs: 1-29 and 65-66 in one or moreloop or non-loop sequences, such as to obtain binding to a desiredtarget.

A “region” of a Fn3 domain (or moiety) as used herein refers to either aloop (AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG), a β-strand (A, B, C, D, E, F and G),the N-terminus (e.g. amino acid residues 1-7 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 6), orthe C-terminus (e.g. amino acid residues 93-101 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or aminoacid residues 93-95 of SEQ ID NO: 6) of a Fn3 domain.

An Fn3 domain may comprise, in order from N-terminus to C-terminus, abeta or beta-like strand, A; a loop, AB; a beta or beta-like strand, B;a loop, BC; a beta or beta-like strand, C; a loop, CD; a beta orbeta-like strand, D; a loop, DE; a beta or beta-like strand, E; a loop,EF; a beta or beta-like strand, F; a loop, FG; and a beta or beta-likestrand, G. The seven antiparallel β-strands are arranged as two betasheets that form a stable core, while creating two “faces” composed ofthe loops that connect the beta or beta-like strands. Loops AB, CD, andEF are located at one face (“the south pole”) and loops BC, DE, and FGare located on the opposing face (“the north pole”). Any or all of loopsAB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG may participate in or contribute to ligandbinding.

The term “non-loop region” of a Fn3 domain refers to a β-strand, theN-terminus, or the C-terminus of a Fn3 domain. A non-loop region of aFn3 domain may also be referred to as a “scaffold region.”

A “north pole loop” refers to any one of the BC, DE and FG loops of aFn3 domain.

A “south pole loop” refers to any one of the AB, CD and EF loops of aFn3 domain.

“Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” herein is defined as thepercentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that areidentical with the amino acid residues in a selected sequence, afteraligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achievethe maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering anyconservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignmentfor purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can beachieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, forinstance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST,BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2 or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled inthe art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment,including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over thefull-length of the sequences being compared.

For purposes herein, the % amino acid sequence identity of a given aminoacid sequence A to, with, or against a given amino acid sequence B(which can alternatively be phrased as a given amino acid sequence Athat has or comprises a certain % amino acid sequence identity to, with,or against a given amino acid sequence B) is calculated as follows: 100times the fraction X/Y where X is the number of amino acid residuesscored as identical matches by a sequence alignment program, such asBLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2 or Megalign (DNASTAR), in that program'salignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of amino acidresidues in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of aminoacid sequence A is not equal to the length of amino acid sequence B, the% amino acid sequence identity of A to B will not equal the % amino acidsequence identity of B to A.

As used herein, an amino acid residue in a polypeptide is considered to“contribute to binding” a target if (1) any of the non-hydrogen atoms ofthe residue's side chain or main chain is found to be within fiveangstroms of any atom of the binding target based on an experimentallydetermined three-dimensional structure of the complex, and/or (2)mutation of the residue to its equivalent in wildtype Fn3 (e.g., SEQ IDNO: 1), to alanine, or to a residue having a similarly sized or smallerside chain than the residue in question, leads to a measured increase ofthe equilibrium dissociation constant to the target (e.g., an increasein the k_(on)).

As used herein, “Fc” encompasses domains derived from the constantregion of an immunoglobulin, preferably a human immunoglobulin,including a fragment, analog, variant, mutant or derivative of theconstant region. Suitable immunoglobulins include IgG1, IgG2, IgG3,IgG4, and other classes such as IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM. The constantregion of an immunoglobulin is defined as a naturally-occurring orsynthetically-produced polypeptide homologous to the immunoglobulinC-terminal region, and can include a CH1 domain, a hinge, a CH2 domain,a CH3 domain, or a CH4 domain, separately or in combination. The term“Fc moiety” or “Fc domain” as used herein refers to any of thecombination of CH1, hinge, CH2, CH3 and CH4 domains. Thus, an “Fcdomain” or moiety may or may not comprise a hinge.

“Moiety” refers to a portion of a protein. For example, a fusion proteinmay comprise several moieties. In one embodiment, a fusion proteincomprises a fibronectin (Fn) based scaffold moiety and an Fc moiety.

The term “enhanced solubility” may mean higher proportion (e.g.concentration, molality, mole fraction, or mole ratio) of a proteinsolute in a designated solvent, under saturated solution conditions, ascompared to another protein. This may also be expressed as highersolubility limit of a protein. “Enhanced solubility” may also meandecreased protein aggregation, or lower proportion (e.g. percentage,fraction, or ratio) of aggregated protein species at a given proteinconcentration in a designated solvent, as compared to another protein.This may be alternatively expressed as decreased aggregation propensityof a protein. The term “aggregation” may refer to interaction orassociation between two or more protein molecules, for example, proteinsin their native conformation or misfolded protein molecules. Theinteracting or associating molecules may be referred to as, for example,an “aggregate”, “oligomer” (such as, dimer, trimer, tetramer, or higherorder oligomers), “high molecular weight species”, “higher orderspecies”, or other related terms which are commonly understood by one ofordinary skill in the art. The solubility of a protein may be analyzedby any suitable techniques. In some embodiments, the solubility of aprotein may be analyzed by ammonium sulfate solubility assay. In someembodiments, the solubility of a protein may be analyzed byultrafiltration. In some embodiments, the solubility of a protein may beanalyzed under accelerated stress conditions.

In some embodiments, the solubility of a protein may be regarded asenhanced if the solubility of a protein in a solvent is enhanced by atleast 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, or 50% or more as compared to thesolubility of another protein in the solvent. In some embodiments, thesolubility of a protein may be regarded as enhanced if the solubilitylimit of a protein in a solvent is at least 0.01 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, or 500 mg/ml higher than the solubility limit ofanother protein in the solvent. In some embodiments, the solubility of aprotein may be regarded as enhanced if the percentage of aggregatedprotein species at a given concentration is lower by at least 0.5%, 1%,2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% or more as compared to the percentage ofaggregated protein species of another protein at the concentration.

Overview of Protein Solubility and Assays

Protein aggregation is a complex process that may originate by severaldifferent mechanisms (Morris, A. M. et al., 2009, Biochim Biophys Acta.1794, 375-97; Joubert, M. K. et al., 2011, J Biol Chem 286, 25118-33;Weiss, W. F. et al., 2009, J Pharm Sci. 98, 1246-77; Roberts, C. J.2007, Biotechnol Bioeng. 98, 927-38; Hawe, A. et al., 2009, Eur J PharmSci. 38, 79-87; Mahler, H. C. et al., 2009, J Pharm Sci. 98, 2909-34;Philo, J. S. and Arakawa, T., 2009, Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 10, 348-51).Aggregates may form, for example, due to self-association of the nativeconformation, or structurally altered states such as a molten globule,denatured, degraded, or chemically modified structures. Proteinaggregation or solubility may also be influenced by solution conditions,the presence of contaminants, as well as a variety of external factorssuch as temperature, mechanical stress, or freeze/thaw stress. Moreover,the types of aggregate may be covalent or non-covalent, and may differin morphology ranging from soluble dimers or higher order oligomers, toinsoluble amorphous precipitates, or more regular amyloid structures.

A number of techniques may be used to analyze protein solubility and todetect aggregates of different sizes and morphologies, as well as tocharacterize the mechanisms of aggregation (Wang, W. 2005, Int J Pharm289, 1-30; Singh, S. K. et al., 2010, J Pharm Sci. 99, 3302-21;Kamerzell, T. J. et al., 2011, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 63, 1118-59; Zölls,S. et al., 2012, J Pharm Sci. 101, 914-35). Techniques based on theprinciples of light scattering, spectroscopy, electrophoresis,chromatography and many others may be used to characterize proteinaggregation, stability and solubility, or to compare the aggregationpropensity or solubility of different protein molecules to each other,or one molecule under different solution conditions. The proteins may beconcentrated prior to analysis using methods such as ultrafiltration orlyophilization. Or smaller scale methods may be used to concentrateproteins for solubility and aggregation analysis, including the use ofosmotic-pressure, freeze/thaw, and solvent evaporation (Shire, S. J. etal., 2004, J Pharm Sci. 93, 1390-402). Aggregation may also be studiedat lower protein concentrations under accelerated stress conditions suchas elevated temperature, shear or mixing stress (Hawe, A. et al., 2012,J Pharm Sci. 101, 895-913), using high throughput fluorescent dyebinding assays (Kayser, V. et al., 2012, Biotechnol J. 7, 127-32; He, F.et al., 2010, J Pharm Sci. 99, 1707-20), or even predicted using insilico methods (Caflisch, A., 2006, Curr Opin Chem Biol. 10, 437-44;Fernandez-Escamilla, A. M. et al., 2004, Nat Biotechnol. 22, 1302-6;Cellmer, T. et al., 2007, Trends Biotechnol. 25, 254-61).

Protein aggregation propensity may also be analyzed based on theirrelative solubility in the presence of one or more kosmotropic agents,for example, ammonium sulfate (AS) or other kosmotropes such asphosphate (PO₄ ³⁻), or fluoride (F⁻), or in the presence of volumeexcluding polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). The mechanism ofAS-induced protein precipitation or “salting out”, may involve thestrong binding of water molecules by the polar kosmotropic sulfateanion, which dehydrates the protein surfaces, increases the chemicalpotential of the protein and causes the protein molecules to aggregateinto an amorphous precipitate (Baldwin, R L., 1996, Biophys J. 71,2056-63). Because the hydrophobic surfaces on the protein arepreferentially dehydrated over the polar surfaces, AS-induced proteinself-association may be driven by the interaction of exposed hydrophobicsurfaces, similar to the forces that drive aggregation in the absence ofAS (Young, L. et al., 1994, Protein Sci. 3, 717-29; Arunachalam, J. andGautham, N., 2008, Proteins. 71, 2012-25; Fink, A. L., 1998, Fold Des.3, R9-23). The theory of relative protein solubility determination usingAS is reviewed by Trevino et al (2008, J Pharm Sci. 97, 4155-66), whoalso described its application in the relative solubility determinationof a series of RNAsc variants (Trevino, S. R. et al., 2007, J Mol Biol.366, 449-60). A manual bench scale method as well as a titration-basedautomated method around this concept are described herein and may beused to determine relative protein solubility.

Modified Fibronectin Type III (Fn3) Domains with Enhanced Solubility

Provided herein are polypeptides comprising a modified Fn3 domain,wherein the modified Fn3 domain comprises an amino acid modificationthat enhances the solubility of the polypeptide relative to apolypeptide (or Fn3 domain) that does not comprise the amino acidmodification. The amino acid modification may be in a loop, or aβ-strand, e.g., β-strand E, of the Fn3 domain. Provided herein are,e.g., polypeptides comprising a modified Fn3 domain, wherein themodified Fn3 domain comprises an amino acid sequence wherein the aminoacid corresponding to residue selected 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated,and wherein the solubility of the modified Fn3 domain is enhancedrelative to the solubility of a Fn3 domain wherein the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated.

SEQ ID NO: 1 is the sequence of the wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3 domain setforth in:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEFTVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIDKPS Q(the AB, CD and EF loops are underlined; the BC, DE, and FG loops areemphasized in bold; the β-strands are located between each of the loopregions; and the N-terminal and C-terminal regions are shown initalics). In SEQ ID NO: 1, the AB loop refers to residues 14-17, the BCloop refers to residues 23-31, the CD loop refers to residues 37-47, theDE loop refers to residues 51-56, the EF loop refers to residues 63-67,and the FG loop refers to residues 75-87. The BC, DE and FG loops alignalong one face of the molecule, i.e. the “north pole”, and the AB, CDand EF loops align along the opposite face of the molecule, i.e. the“south pole”. In SEQ ID NO: 1, β-strand A refers to residues 8-13,β-strand B refers to residues 18-22, β-strand C refers to residues32-36, beta strand D refers to residues 48-50, β-strand E refers toresidues 57-62, β-strand F refers to residues 68-74, and β-strand Grefers to residues 88-92. The β-strands are connected to each otherthrough the corresponding loop, e.g., strands A and B are connected vialoop AB in the formation β-strand A, loop AB, β-strand B, etc. TheN-terminal and/or C-terminal regions of SEQ ID NO: 1 (italicized above),may be removed or altered to generate a molecule retaining biologicalactivity or to introduce target-binding activity.

Binders Having a North Pole and South Pole LOOP Modified

In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprising a solubility enhancingmutation, e.g., a T58 mutation, comprise a Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domainhaving (i) a modification in the amino acid sequence of at least onenorth pole loop selected from the BC, DE and FG loops relative to thecorresponding loop of the wildtype human Fn3 domain, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain(SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5), and (ii) a modification in the amino acid sequenceof at least one south pole loop selected from the AB, CD and EF loopsrelative to the corresponding loop of the wildtype human Fn3 domain,e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5). The modified north pole andsouth pole loops may contribute to binding to the same target. Variouscombinations of modified north pole and south pole loops arecontemplated. For example, a Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, may comprise one modifiednorth pole loop and one modified south pole, one modified north poleloop and two modified south pole loops, two modified north pole loopsand one modified south pole loop, two modified north pole loops and twomodified south pole loops, three modified north pole loops and onemodified south pool loop, etc., wherein each of the modified loopscontributes to binding to the same target. Exemplary combinations ofnorth pole and south pole loops that may be modified include, forexample, the CD loop (south pole) and the FG loop (north pole), the CDloop (south pole) and the DE loop (north pole), the EF loop (south pole)and FG loop (north pole), the AB loop (south pole) and the FG loop(north pole), or the DE loop (north pole) and the EF loop (south pole).Another exemplary loop combination is the CD loop (south pole), the DEloop (north pole) and the EF loop (south pole). Yet another exemplaryloop combination is the DE loop (north pole) and one of more of the AB,CD and EF loops (south pole). The modified loops may have sequencemodifications across an entire loop or only in a portion of the loop.Additionally, one or more of the modified loops may have insertions ordeletions such that the length of the loop is varied relative to thelength of the corresponding loop of the wildtype sequence. In certainembodiments, additional regions in the Fn3 domain (i.e., in addition tothe north and south pole loops), such as β-strand, N-terminal and/orC-terminal regions, may also be modified in sequence relative to thewildtype Fn3 domain, and such additional modifications may alsocontribute to binding to the target.

In certain embodiments, the fibronectin based scaffold moiety comprisesa ¹⁰Fn3 domain that is defined generally by following the sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 17) VSDVPRD LEVVAA (X)_(u) LLISW (X)_(v) YRITY (X)_(w) FTV(X)_(x) ATISGL (X)_(y) YTITVYA (X)_(z) ISINY RT, or by the sequence having SEQ ID NO: 18-29. In SEQ ID NOs: 17-29, the ABloop is represented by (X)_(u), the BC loop is represented by (X)_(v),the CD loop is represented by (X)_(w), the DE loop is represented by(X)_(x), the EF loop is represented by (X)_(y) and the FG loop isrepresented by X_(z). X represents, independently, any amino acid andthe subscript following the X represents an integer of the number ofamino acids. For example, u, v, w, x, y and z may each be an integerselected, independently, from 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-8, 5-20, 5-15, 5-10,5-8, 6-20, 6-15, 6-10, 6-8, 2-7, 5-7, and 6-7. The sequences of the betastrands (underlined) may have anywhere from 0 to 10, from 0 to 8, from 0to 6, from 0 to 5, from 0 to 4, from 0 to 3, from 0 to 2, or from 0 to 1substitutions, deletions or additions across all 7 scaffold regionsrelative to the corresponding amino acids shown in SEQ ID NOs: 17-29. Insome embodiments, the sequences of the beta strands may have anywherefrom 0 to 10, from 0 to 8, from 0 to 6, from 0 to 5, from 0 to 4, from 0to 3, from 0 to 2, or from 0 to 1 substitutions, e.g., conservativesubstitutions, across all 7 scaffold regions relative to thecorresponding amino acids shown in SEQ ID NO: 17-29. In certainembodiments, the hydrophobic core amino acid residues (bolded residuesin SEQ ID NO: 17 above) are fixed, and any substitutions, conservativesubstitutions, deletions or additions occur at residues other than thehydrophobic core amino acid residues. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic core residues of the polypeptides provided herein have notbeen modified relative to the wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3 domain (e.g., SEQ IDNO: 1).

In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domainmay be at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%,98%, or 99% identical to that of a wildtype Fn3 domain, for example, ahuman Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO: 1-16, 65, or 66. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may be at least 50%identical to that of a wildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may be at least 65%identical to that of a wildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may be at least 80%identical to that of a wildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may be at least 90%identical to that of a wildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, oneor more of the loops will not be modified relative to the sequence ofthe corresponding loop of the wildtype sequence and/or one or more ofthe β-strands will not be modified relative to the sequence of thecorresponding (1-strand of the wildtype sequence. In certainembodiments, each of the beta or beta-like strands of a ¹⁰Fn3 domain ina Fn3 moiety may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of anamino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100%identical to the sequence of a corresponding beta or beta-like strand ofSEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, variations in the β-strand regionsmay not disrupt the stability of the polypeptide in physiologicalconditions.

In some embodiments, the non-loop region of the Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domainmay be modified by one or more conservative substitutions. As many as3%, 5%, 10%, 20% or even 30% or more of the amino acids in the Fn3,e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain may be altered by a conservative substitutionwithout substantially altering the affinity of the ¹⁰Fn3 for a ligand.In certain embodiments, the non-loop regions, e.g., the β-strands maycomprise anywhere from 0-15, 0-10, 0-8, 0-6, 0-5, 0-4, 0-3, 1-15, 1-10,1-8, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 2-15, 2-10, 2-8, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 5-15, or 5-10conservative amino acid substitutions. In exemplary embodiments, thescaffold modification may reduce the binding affinity of the Fn3, e.g.,¹⁰Fn3, binder for a ligand by less than 100-fold, 50-fold, 25-fold,10-fold, 5-fold, or 2-fold. It may be that such changes may alter theimmunogenicity of the Fn3 in vivo, and where the immunogenicity isdecreased, such changes may be desirable. As used herein, “conservativesubstitutions” are residues that are physically or functionally similarto the corresponding reference residues. That is, a conservativesubstitution and its reference residue have similar size, shape,electric charge, chemical properties including the ability to formcovalent or hydrogen bonds, or the like. Exemplary conservativesubstitutions include those fulfilling the criteria defined for anaccepted point mutation in Dayhoff et al., Atlas of Protein Sequence andStructure 5:345-352 (1978 & Supp.). Examples of conservativesubstitutions include substitutions within the following groups: (a)valine, glycine; (b) glycine, alanine; (c) valine, isoleucine, leucine;(d) aspartic acid, glutamic acid; (e) asparagine, glutamine; (f) serine,threonine; (g) lysine, arginine, methionine; and (h) phenylalanine,tyrosine.

In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domainmay differ from a wildtypc Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain in at most 50, 45,40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5 amino acids. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may differ from awildtype Fn3 domain in at most 30 amino acids. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may differ from awildtype Fn3 domain in at most 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the modified Fn3 domain may differ from awildtype Fn3 domain in at most 10 amino acids.

In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise at least oneamino acid variation selected from a substitution, deletion and additionin at least one loop as compared to a wildtype Fn3 domain, for example,a human ¹⁰Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO: 1-16, 65, or 66. In some embodiments,the modified Fn3 domain may comprise at least one amino acid variationin each of at least two loops as compared to a wildtype Fn3 domain. Insome embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise at least oneamino acid variation in each of at least three loops as compared to awildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain maycomprise at least one amino acid variation in at least one loop selectedfrom north pole loops (BC, DE and FG loops), as compared to a wildtypeFn3 domain. In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise atleast one amino acid variation in at least one loop selected from southpole loops (AB, CD and EF loops), as compared to a wildtype Fn3 domain.In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise at least oneamino acid variation selected from substitution, deletion and addition,in at least one non-loop region and at least one loop, as compared to awildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain maycomprise at least one amino acid variation in a β-strand as compared toa wildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain maycomprise at least one amino acid variation in each of at least twoβ-strands as compared to a wildtype Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, themodified Fn3 domain may comprise at least one amino acid variation ineach of at least three β-strands as compared to a wildtype Fn3 domain.

In some embodiments, Fn3 domain comprises a loop, AB; a loop, BC; aloop, CD; a loop, DE; a loop, EF; and a loop, FG; and has at least oneloop selected from loop AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG with an altered aminoacid sequence relative to the sequence of the corresponding loop of thehuman ¹⁰Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO: 1-16. In some embodiments, the BC, DEand FG loops are altered. In certain embodiments, the AB, CD and EFloops are altered. In certain embodiments, the FG loop is the only loopthat is altered. In other embodiments, the CD and FG loops are bothaltered, and optionally, no other loops are altered. In certainembodiments, the CD and EF loops are both altered, and optionally, noother loops are altered. In some embodiments, one or more specificscaffold alterations are combined with one or more loop alterations. By“altered” is meant one or more amino acid sequence alterations relativeto a template sequence (i.e., the corresponding wildtype humanfibronectin domain) and includes amino acid additions, deletions, andsubstitutions.

In some embodiments, the polypeptides may comprise a modified Fn3 domainwherein the non-loop regions comprise an amino acid sequence that is atleast 80, 85, 90, 95, 98, or 100% identical to the non-loop regions of awildtype Fn3 domain (e.g. a human Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO: 1-16, 65, or66), wherein at least one loop selected from AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FGmay be altered. For example, in certain embodiments, the AB loop mayhave up to 4 amino acid substitutions, up to 10 amino acid insertions,up to 3 amino acid deletions, or a combination thereof; the BC loop mayhave up to 10 amino acid substitutions, up to 4 amino acid deletions, upto 10 amino acid insertions, or a combination thereof; the CD loop mayhave up to 6 amino acid substitutions, up to 10 amino acid insertions,up to 4 amino acid deletions, or a combination thereof; the DE loop mayhave up to 6 amino acid substitutions, up to 4 amino acid deletions, upto 13 amino acid insertions, or a combination thereof; the EF loop mayhave up to 5 amino acid substitutions, up to 10 amino acid insertions,up to 3 amino acid deletions, or a combination thereof; and/or the FGloop may have up to 12 amino acid substitutions, up to 11 amino aciddeletions, up to 25 amino acid insertions, or a combination thereof.

It should be understood that not every residue within a loop or non-loopregion needs to be modified in order to achieve a Fn3 binding domainhaving strong affinity for a desired target. Additionally, insertionsand deletions in the loop regions may also be made while still producinghigh affinity Fn3 binding domains. Accordingly, in some embodiments, oneor more loops selected from AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FG may be extended orshortened in length relative to the corresponding loop a wildtype Fn3.In any given polypeptide, one or more loops may be extended in length,one or more loops may be reduced in length, or combinations thereof. Insome embodiments, the length of a given loop may be extended by 2-25,2-20, 2-15, 2-10, 2-5, 5-25, 5-20, 5-15, 5-10, 10-25, 10-20, or 10-15amino acids. In some embodiments, the length of a given loop may bereduced by 1-15, 1-12, 1-10, 1-5, 1-3, 1-2, 2-10, or 2-5 amino acids. Inparticular, the FG loop of ¹⁰Fn3 is 13 residues long, whereas thecorresponding loop in antibody heavy chains ranges from 4-28 residues.To optimize antigen binding in polypeptides relying on the FG for targetbinding, therefore, the length of the FG loop of Fn3 may be altered inlength as well as in sequence to obtain the greatest possibleflexibility and affinity in target binding.

In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the N-terminal and/orC-terminal regions of the modified Fn3 domain may be modified bydeletion, substitution or insertion relative to the amino acid sequencesof the corresponding regions of a wildtype Fn3 domain (e.g. a human Fn3domain of SEQ ID NO: 1-16, 65, or 66). Additional sequences may also beadded to the N- or C-terminus of the modified Fn3 domain. For example,in some embodiments, the N-terminal extension may comprise an amino acidsequence selected from the group consisting of: M, MG, and G. In someembodiments, the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal tail of themodified Fn3 domain may be modified or truncated relative to the aminoacid sequence of the C-terminal tail of a wildtype Fn3 domain (e.g., ahuman Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO:1-16, 65, or 66). In some embodiments, theamino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the modified Fn3 domain may bemodified or truncated relative to the amino acid sequence of theN-terminus of a wildtype Fn3 domain.

In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the first 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 residues of the modified Fn3 domain may be modified ordeleted in the polypeptides provided herein relative to the sequence ofthe corresponding amino acids in a wildtype Fn3 domain. In someembodiments, the amino acids corresponding to amino acids 1-8 of SEQ IDNO: 1 may be replaced with an alternative N-terminal region having from1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 1-8, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 amino acids in length.Exemplary alternative N-terminal regions include M, MG, G, MGVSDVPRDL(SEQ ID NO: 30) and GVSDVPRDL (SEQ ID NO: 31), or N-terminal truncationsof any one of SEQ ID NOs: 30 and 31. Other suitable alternativeN-terminal regions include, for example, X_(n)SDVPRDL (SEQ ID NO: 32),X_(n)DVPRDL (SEQ ID NO: 33), X_(n)VPRDL (SEQ ID NO: 34), X_(n)PRDL (SEQID NO: 35), X_(n)RDL (SEQ ID NO: 36), X_(n)DL (SEQ ID NO: 37), orX_(n)L, wherein n=0, 1 amino acids, wherein when n=1, X is Met or Gly,and when n=2, X is Met-Gly. When a Met-Gly sequence is added to theN-terminus of a ¹⁰Fn3 domain, the M may be cleaved off, leaving a G atthe N-terminus. In other embodiments, the alternative N-terminal regioncomprises the amino acid sequence MASTSG (SEQ ID NO: 38).

In certain embodiments, the amino acid sequence corresponding to aminoacids 93-101, 94-101, 95-101, 96-101, 97-101, 98-101, 99-101, 100-101,or 101 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be deleted or modified in the polypeptidesprovided herein relative to the sequence of the corresponding aminoacids in the wildtypc human ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 1). In exemplaryembodiments, the amino acids corresponding to amino acids 95-101 of SEQID NO: 1 may be replaced with an alternative C-terminal region havingfrom 1-20, 1-15, 1-10, 1-8, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 amino acids inlength. Specific examples of alternative C-terminal region sequencesinclude, for example, polypeptides comprising, consisting essentiallyof, or consisting of, EIEK (SEQ ID NO: 39), EGSGC (SEQ ID NO: 40),EIEKPCQ (SEQ ID NO: 41), EIEKPSQ (SEQ ID NO: 42), EIEKP (SEQ ID NO: 43),EIEKPS (SEQ ID NO: 44), EIEKPC (SEQ ID NO: 45), or HHHHHH (SEQ ID NO:46). In some embodiments, the alternative C-terminal region comprisesEIDK (SEQ ID NO: 47), and in particular embodiments, the alternativeC-terminal region is either EIDKPCQ (SEQ ID NO: 48) or EIDKPSQ (SEQ IDNO: 49).

In certain embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may have both analternative N-terminal region sequence and an alternative C-terminalregion sequence.

In some embodiments, at least one residue of the integrin-binding motif“arginine-glycine-aspartic acid” (RGD) (e.g. amino acids 78-80 of SEQ IDNO:1) may be mutated or deleted so as to disrupt integrin binding. Insome embodiments, the FG loop of the polypeptides provided herein doesnot contain an RGD integrin binding site. In one embodiment, the RGDsequence may be replaced by a polar amino acid-neutral amino acid-acidicamino acid sequence (in the N-terminal to C-terminal direction). Inanother embodiment, the RGD sequence may be replaced with SGE. In yetanother embodiment, the RGD sequence is replaced with RGE (see, e.g.,SEQ ID NO: 16). In some embodiments, the polypeptide binds specificallyto a target that is not bound by a wildtypc Fn3 domain, particularly thewildtypc human Fn3 domain having, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1-16, 65, or 66.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide may bind to a desired target with aK_(d) of less than 500 nM, 400 nM, 300 nM, 200 nM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 20 nM,10 nM, 5 nM, 1 nM, 500 pM, 100 pM or less. In some embodiments, thepolypeptide binds to a desired target with a K_(d) between 1 pM and 1pM, between 100 pM and 500 nM, between 1 nM and 500 nM, or between 1 nMand 100 nM. In some embodiments, the polypeptide binds to a desiredtarget with a K_(d) of less than 500 nM. In some embodiments, thepolypeptide binds to a desired target with a K_(d) of less than 100 nM.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide may comprise an amino acid sequencethat is at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%,or 99% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the group ofsequences consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-16, and the polypeptide bindsspecifically to a target, e.g., with a K_(d) of less than 1000 nM, 500nM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 1 nM, 500 pM, 100 pM or less. Thepolypeptide may comprise amino acid changes (or alterations) in one ormore loops and one or more strands.

Binders Having Loop and Scaffold Region Modifications

Also provided herein are Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domains having a solubilityenhancing mutation, e.g., a T58 mutation, and having combinations ofloop and scaffold modifications. In particular, the application providespolypeptides comprising a solubility enhancing mutation and a Fn3, e.g.,¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising (i) a modification in the amino acid sequenceof at least one of loops AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, or FG, and (ii) amodification in the amino acid sequence of at least one scaffold region(i.e., a modification in at least one β-strand, the N-terminal region,and/or the C-terminal region), wherein the modified loop(s) and modifiedscaffold region(s) both contribute to binding the same target. Inexemplary embodiments, the scaffold region modifications are locatedadjacent to modifications in a loop region, e.g., if the AB loop ismodified, scaffold mutations may tend to be located in β-strand A and/orβ-strand B, which are adjacent to the AB loop in the linear sequence ofthe ¹⁰Fn3 domain. In other embodiments, a cluster of modifications maybe found together in loop and scaffold regions that are adjacent to oneanother in the linear sequence of the Fn3 domain. For example, Fn3binders having both loop and scaffold modifications, may have clustersof amino acid modifications in the following combinations of loop andscaffold regions that are adjacent to each other in the linear sequenceof the Fn3 domain: β-strand/loop/β-strand, loop/β-strand/loop,loop/β-strand/loop/β-strand, terminal region/β-strand/loop, orloop/β-strand/terminal region, etc. For example, Fn3 domains havingnovel combinations of loop and scaffold modifications may have clustersof modifications such that over a stretch of 20 contiguous amino acidsat least 15 of the amino acids are modified relative to wildtype. Inother embodiments, at least 17 out of 20, 18 out of 20, 17 out of 25, 20out of 25, or 25 out of 30 residues in a contiguous stretch are modifiedrelative to the wildtype Fn3 domain sequence over the correspondingstretch of amino acids. In certain embodiments, a given Fn3 domain mayhave two or three clusters of modifications separated by stretches ofunmodified (i.e., wildtype) sequence. For any given region (i.e., aloop, β-strand or terminal region) that is modified, all or only aportion of the region may be modified relative to the wildtype sequence.When a β-strand region is modified, preferably the hydrophobic coreresidues remain unmodified (i.e., wildtype) and one or more of thenon-core residues in the β-strand are modified.

“West-Side” Binders

In some embodiments, the application provides Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domainscomprising a solubility enhancing mutation, e.g., a mutation at T58, andhaving a binding face along the “west-side” of the molecule (“West-sidebinders” or “WS binders”). WS binders as described herein comprise aFn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain that has a modified CD loop and a modified FGloop, as compared to the corresponding CD and FG loop sequences setforth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. The CD loop and the FG loop both contributeto binding to the same target. In certain embodiments, the WS bindersmay comprise additional modifications at one or more regions within theFn3 domain. For example, WS binders may comprise scaffold modificationsin one or more of the β-strand regions adjacent to the CD and/or FGloops. In particular, WS binders may comprise sequence modifications inone or more of β-strand C, β-strand D, β-strand F, and/or β-strand G.Exemplary scaffold modifications include modifications at one or morescaffold region positions corresponding to the amino acid positions: 33,35, 49, 69, 71, 73, 89 and/or 91 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. The WS bindersmay also comprise modifications in the BC loop, particularly in theC-terminal portion of the BC loop. In one embodiment, the last tworesidues of the BC loop (i.e., corresponding to amino acids 30 and 31 inthe wildtype ¹⁰Fn3 domain) are modified relative to the wildtypesequence. All or a portion of the additional loop and scaffoldmodifications may contribute to binding to the target in conjunctionwith the modified CD and FG loops. Preferably, the hydrophobic coreresidues are not modified relative to the wildtype sequence.

In certain embodiments, a WS binder has a CD loop that is about 3-11,4-9 or 5 residues long; an FG loop that is about 1-10, e.g., 6 or 5,residues long; a C strand that is about 6-14, 8-11, or 9 residues long;and/or an F strand that is about 9-11 or 10 residues long. Positions 31,33, 35 and 37-39 of the beta strand C may be altered relative to thewildtype sequence. Positions 32, 34 and 36 of the beta strand C may behydrophobic residues. Positions 67, 69, 71 and 73 of the beta strand Fmay be altered relative to the wildtype sequence. Positions 68, 70, and72 of the beta strand F may be hydrophobic residues. A WS binder maycomprise amino acid substitutions at positions 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38 and/or 39, such as positions 31, 33, 35, 37, 38 and/or 39,e.g., positions 31 and/or 33, of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. A WS binder maycomprise amino acid substitutions at positions 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49,50 and/or 51, such as positions 44, 45, 47 and/or 49, of SEQ ID NO: 1 or5. A WS binder may comprise amino acid substitutions at positions 40,41, 42, 43, 44 and/or 45 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. A WS binder may compriseamino acid substitutions at positions 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75and/or 76, such as positions 67, 69, 71, 73 and/or 76 or positions 71,73, 75 and/or 76, of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. A WS binder may comprise aminoacid substitutions at positions 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85and/or 86, such as positions 84 and/or 85 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. A WSbinder may comprise amino acid substitutions at positions 85, 86, 87,88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 and/or 94 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. A WS binder maycomprise amino acid substitutions at positions 31, 33, 47, 49, 73 and/or75 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. A WS binder may comprise a loop C comprisingfrom 4-9 varied, e.g., non wildtype amino acids; an FG loop comprisingfrom 5-6 varied, e.g., non wildtype amino acids; and wherein amino acids31, 33, 35, 37-39, 67, 69, 71, 73 and 76 are not wildtype. “Notwildtype” amino acids are amino acids that are not those found at thesame position in the wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3 molecule (having, e.g., SEQ IDNO: 1 or 5).

Exemplary WS binders include those having a wildtype or mutated aminoacid at positions 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 46, 47, 49, 50, 67, 69, 71,73, 75, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89 or 91. For example, a WS binder designmay comprise one or more amino acid modifications in amino acids 39-45of the CD loop and one or more amino acid modification in amino acids77-83 in loop FG (WS-LI1 design), and wherein a ¹⁰Fn3 molecule havingthat design binds specifically to a target molecule (and optionally doesnot comprise an RGD sequence). A WS binder design may comprise thedesign of WS-LI1 and at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17,20 or 25 additional amino acid modifications in the loops or strands.For example, a WS binder design may comprise the design of WS-LI1 and atmost 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20 or 25 additionalamino acid modifications at amino acid positions such as at amino acidpositions 37, 38, 46, 47, 75, 76, and 85-88. Other amino acidmodifications that may be included are those at positions 30, 31, 33,35, 49, 50, 67, 69, 71, 73, 89 and 91.

In certain embodiments, at least or at most 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 50amino acids of a design sequence is not varied, e.g., is not varied bysubstitution. For example, one or more of the following amino acids areretained as the amino acid from the wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3 molecule: aminoacids at positions 1-29, 32, 34, 36, 48, 51-66, 68, 70, 72, 88, 90 and92-101.

“Front” Binders

In some embodiments, the polypeptides provided herein comprise a Fn3,e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation, e.g., aT58 mutation, and having modifications in the CD, DE and, in some cases,EF loops, wherein the loop modifications all contribute to targetbinding. These polypeptides are referred to as “front binders.” Thefront binders may additionally comprise modifications in one or morescaffold regions, particularly in scaffold regions that flank or areadjacent to a modified loop region. For example, the front binders maycomprise a scaffold modification in one or more of β-strand C, β-strandD, and/or β-strand E relative to the sequences of the correspondingβ-strands of the wildtype Fn3 domain, e.g., human ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ IDNO: 1 or 5). Preferably the hydrophobic core residues are not modifiedrelative to the wildtype sequence. Exemplary scaffold modifications thatmay be present in front binders, include modifications at one or morepositions corresponding to amino acid positions 36, 49, 58 and/or 50 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. Such scaffold modifications may contribute to bindingto the target together with the modified loops. In certain embodiments,the front binders may comprise clusters of modifications spanningseveral loop and strand regions of the Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain. Inparticular, the front binders may comprise modifications in at least 15,20, 24, 25, or 27 of the 31 residues between the amino acidscorresponding to residues 36 through 66 of the wildtype Fn3, e.g., human¹⁰Fn3, domain (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5). The loop and/or strand modificationsmay include amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions, orcombinations thereof. In exemplary embodiments, the CD loop is extendedin length or reduced in length relative to the CD loop of the Fn3, e.g.,wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3, domain (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5).

“Back” Binders

In some embodiments, the polypeptides provided herein comprise a Fn3,e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation, e.g., aT58 mutation, and having modifications in the EF and FG loops, whereinthe loop modifications contribute to binding the same target. Thesepolypeptides are referred to as “back binders” herein. The back bindersmay comprise additional modifications in other loop and/or scaffoldregions. For example, a back binder may contain modifications in atleast a portion of the AB loop, preferably the N-terminal portion of theAB loop. In an exemplary embodiment, the first two amino acids of the ABloop (i.e., corresponding to amino acid residues 14 and 15 of thewildtype ¹⁰Fn3 domain) are modified relative to the wildtype sequence.In certain embodiments, a back binder may also contain one or morescaffold modifications, particularly modifications in one or morescaffold regions that are adjacent to a modified loop region. Forexample, back binders may contain one or more modifications in one ormore of β-strand A, β-strand G, the N-terminal region, and/or theC-terminal region. Preferably the hydrophobic core residues are notmodified relative to the wildtype sequence. Exemplary scaffoldmodifications include modifications at one or more positionscorresponding to amino acid positions 1-7, 9-13, 89, 91, 93 and/or 94 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. One or more of the additional loop and/or scaffoldmodifications may contribute to binding to the target along with themodified EF and FG loops.

Suitable loop and/or scaffold region modifications include amino acidsubstitutions, deletions and/or insertions, or combinations thereof. Incertain embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the FG loop is extendedin length or reduced in length relative to the FG loop of the wildtypehuman ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5).

In certain embodiments, a back binder may comprise a cluster of modifiedamino acid residues over a contiguous span of several regions in the¹⁰Fn3 domain. For example, at least 14 of the first 15 amino acidresidues of the Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain may be modified relative to thecorresponding residues in the wildtype Fn3, e.g., human ¹⁰Fn3, domain(SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5), and/or at least 15 of the 18 residues between theamino acids corresponding to residues 80 through 97 (or 94) of thewildtype Fn3, e.g., human ¹⁰Fn3, domain (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5) may bemodified relative to the corresponding residues in the wildtypesequence.

“South Pole” Binders

In certain embodiments, the application provides polypeptides comprisinga Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain, wherein the ¹⁰Fn3 domain comprises asolubility enhancing mutation, e.g., a T58 mutation, and modificationsin the amino acid sequences of β-strand A, loop AB, β-strand B, loop CD,β-strand E, loop EF, and β-strand F, relative to the sequences of thecorresponding regions of the wildtype sequence. These polypeptides arereferred to as “south pole binders” or “SP binders” herein. The modifiedloops and strands contribute to binding to the same target. The aminoacid sequence of the CD loop may be extended in length or reduced inlength relative to the CD loop of the wildtype Fn3, e.g., human ¹⁰Fn3,domain (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5). The south pole binders may compriseadditional modifications in β-strand G and/or the C-terminal regionrelative to the sequence of the corresponding region of the wildtypesequence. In exemplary embodiments, the south pole binders may compriseone or more modifications at amino acids corresponding to positions 11,12, 19, 60, 61, 69, 91, 93 and 95-97 of the wildtype sequence.

“Northwest” Binders

In some embodiments, the application provides polypeptides comprising aFn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation,e.g., a T58 mutation, and comprising modified BC, DE and FG loops, ascompared to the corresponding BC, DE and FG loop sequences set forth inSEQ ID NO: 1 or 5, as well as additional modifications in one or more ofβ-strand C, β-strand D, β-strand F and β-strand G strand residues. Theβ-strand and loop region modifications together contribute to binding tothe target. These proteins are referred to as “Northwest binders”, or“NW binders”, herein. In exemplary embodiments, the NW binders compriseone or more scaffold modifications at any one of, or combination of,amino acid positions corresponding to scaffold region positions R33,T49, Y73 and S89 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. Suitable modifications in loopand scaffold regions include amino acid substitutions, deletions and/orinsertions, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, one or moreof the BC, DE and FG loops are extended in length or reduced in length,or combinations thereof, relative to the wildtype sequence. In oneembodiment, each of the BC, DE and FG loops are extended in length orreduced in length, or combinations thereof, relative to the wildtypesequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5). In certain embodiments, only aportion of the BC loop is modified, particularly the C-terminal portion,relative to the wildtype sequence. For example, the BC loop may bemodified only at amino acid residues corresponding to amino acids 27-31of the wildtype BC loop, whereas the rest of the BC loop (i.e.,corresponding to residues 23-26 of the wildtype loop) are leftunmodified.

“Northeast” Binders

In some embodiments, the application provides polypeptides comprising aFn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation,e.g., a T58 mutation, and comprising a modified BC, DE and FG loop aswell as one or more additional modifications in any one of, orcombination of, the N-terminal region, β-strand A, β-strand B and/orβ-strand E. These proteins are referred to as “Northeast binders”, or“NE binders”, herein. In exemplary embodiments, the NE binders aremodified at any one of, or combination of, amino acids corresponding toscaffold region positions 1-7, E9, LI 9, S21 and/or T58 of the wildtypesequence (SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5). The combination of modified loop andscaffold regions contributes to binding to the target.

“South Front” Binders

In some embodiments, the application provides polypeptides comprising aFn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation,e.g., a T58 mutation, and comprising modifications in one or more of theAB, CD, DE and EF loops, as well as additional modifications in one ormore of β-strand B, β-strand D and/or β-strand E. These proteins arereferred to as “South Front binders” herein. The combination of modifiedloop and strand residues contributes to binding to the target. Inexemplary embodiments, a South Front binder may be modified at one ormore amino acid positions corresponding to scaffold region positionsL19, T49, T58, S60, and/or G61 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5 and/or at one ormore amino acid positions corresponding to loop region positionsT14-S17, P51, T56, G40-E47, and/or K63-G65 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. Inexemplary embodiments, a South Front binder may be extended in length orreduced in length in the AB loop, between amino acids corresponding toresidues 18 and 20 of the wildtype sequence, and/or in the CD loop.

“AG” Binders

In some embodiments, the application provides polypeptides comprising aFn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation,e.g., a T58 mutation, and comprising a modified β-strand A and β-strandG, as compared to the corresponding strand of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5. Theseproteins are referred to as “AG Binders” or “AG Strand” binders herein.In certain embodiments, the AG strand binders comprise clusters ofmodifications at the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the Fn3,e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain, whereas the middle portion of the Fn3 remainsunmodified. For example, an AG strand binder may comprise modificationsat 16 out of 19 of the first 19 amino acids in the ¹⁰Fn3 domain (i.e.,corresponding to amino acid positions 1-19 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 5) andmodifications at 13-17 out of 18 of the last 18 amino acids in the ¹⁰Fn3domain (i.e., corresponding to amino acid positions 84-101 of SEQ IDNO: 1) or at 14-18 out of 22 of the last 22 amino acids in the ¹⁰Fn3domain (i.e., corresponding to amino acid positions 80-101 of SEQ ID NO:1). In exemplary embodiments, an AG binder may comprise modifications atone or more positions corresponding to positions 1-7, 9, 11-17, 19,84-89 and 91-97 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferably the modified regions in anAG binder contribute to binding to the same target.

“Southwest” Binders

In some embodiments, the application provides polypeptides comprising aFn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain comprising a solubility enhancing mutation,e.g., a T58 mutation, and comprising a modified CD and EF loop, as wellas additional modifications in any one of, or combination of residuescorresponding to positions 69 or 91-97 of SEQ ID NO: 1. These proteinsare referred to as “Southwest binders”, or “SW binders”, herein. Themodified loop and scaffold regions contribute to binding to the target.

Proteins Having Reduced Immunogenicity

In certain embodiments, the application provides polypeptides havingreduced immunogenicity comprising a ¹⁰Fn3 domains wherein a portion ofthe BC loop is left as wildtype. Preferably such polypeptides have lowerimmunogenicity relative to an equivalent polypeptide with modificationsin a greater portion of the BC loop. In exemplary embodiments, theN-terminal portion of the BC loop is left as wildtype. For example, thefirst 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 5 residues of the BC loop may be left aswildtype, while the remaining C-terminal residues of the BC loop can bemodified. In Fn3 designs having at least a portion of the N-terminalregion of the BC loop as wildtype, it may be desirable to leave all or aportion of β-strand B and/or β-strand C unmodified relative to thewildtype sequence as well, particularly the portions of β-strand Band/or β-strand C that are adjacent to the BC loop (i.e., the C-terminalportion of β-strand B and/or the N-terminal portion of β-strand C). Inexemplary embodiments, Fn3 domains having the wildtype sequence in anN-terminal portion of the BC loop and reduced immunogenicity may nothave any modifications in the N-terminal region, β-strand A, AB loop,and β-strand B. In Fn3 designs with a portion of the BC loop aswildtype, the modified portion of the BC loop may contribute to targetbinding along with modifications in other regions of the ¹⁰Fn3 domain.

In certain embodiments, the application provides polypeptides havingreduced immunogenicity comprising Fn3 domains, wherein the strong HLAanchor in the region of β-strand B/BC loop/β-strand C (the “BC anchor”)has been removed or destroyed (e.g., modified relative to the wildtypesequence in a manner that reduces binding affinity to one or more HLAreceptors). For example, the BC anchor may be removed or destroyed bymodifying the Fn3, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3, domain at one or more positionscorresponding to positions L19, S21, R33 and/or T35 of SEQ ID NO:1 or 5.When the BC anchor has been removed or destroyed, it is possible tomodify the sequence of the BC loop without significantly increasing theimmunogenic potential of the BC region. Accordingly, many such Fn3designs have modifications in the BC loop in addition to themodifications in P strand B and/or β-strand C. The BC loop maycontribute to target binding, optionally in combination withmodifications in other regions of the Fn3 domain. The modifications inβ-strand B and/or β-strand C may or may not contribute to targetbinding.

Fn3 Solubility Enhancing Mutations

In some embodiments, a modified Fn3 domain comprises an amino acidsequence that is based on a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-29 and65-66, wherein the Fn3 domain comprises a solubility enhancing mutation.A solubility enhancing mutation may be in a loop or a non-loop region.For example, a solubility enhancing mutation may be at a locationcorresponding to at least one of residues 24, 27, 54, 58, 78, 80 and 83of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, a solubility enhancing mutation islocated in a non-loop region, such as a β-strand. For example, asolubility enhancing mutation may be located in β-strand E, such as atThreonine (T) 58.

In some embodiments, a solubility enhancing mutation, e.g., a mutationat residue 58, in a Fn3 domain that binds specifically to a target, doesnot contribute to the binding of the Fn3 domain to the target. In someembodiments, the amino acid that is mutated to enhance the solubility,e.g., T58, does not contribute to the binding of the Fn3 domain to itstarget. In some embodiments, the amino acid that is mutated to enhancethe solubility, e.g., T58, is not in contact with the target.

In some embodiments, a solubility enhancing mutation, e.g., a mutationat residue 58, in a Fn3 domain that binds specifically to a target,contributes to the binding of the Fn3 domain to the target. In someembodiments, the amino acid that is mutated to enhance the solubility,e.g., T58, contributes to the binding of the Fn3 domain to its target.In some embodiments, the amino acid that is mutated to enhance thesolubility, e.g., T58, is in contact with the target.

In some embodiments, the solubility of the modified Fn3 domain may beenhanced relative to the solubility of a Fn3 domain comprising an aminoacid sequence wherein the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQID NO: 1 is not mutated. In some embodiments, the solubility of themodified Fn3 domain may be enhanced relative to the solubility of a Fn3domain comprising the same amino acid sequence except that the aminoacid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated.

In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise an amino acidsequence that is based on a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-29 and65-66, wherein the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO:1 is mutated and wherein the solubility of the modified Fn3 domain isenhanced relative to the solubility of a Fn3 domain wherein the aminoacid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated.

In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise an amino acidsequence that is 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98% identical to an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 1-29 and 65-71.

In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise an amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 17-29, wherein the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated and wherein thesolubility of the modified Fn3 domain is enhanced relative to thesolubility of a Fn3 domain wherein the amino acid corresponding toresidue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated. In some embodiments, themodified Fn3 domain may comprise an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs: 17-29, wherein the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Glu (E) or Asp (D). and wherein thesolubility of the modified Fn3 domain is enhanced relative to thesolubility of a Fn3 domain wherein the amino acid corresponding toresidue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated.

In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain may comprise an amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:67-68, wherein the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated and wherein thesolubility of the modified Fn3 domain is enhanced relative to thesolubility of a Fn3 domain wherein the amino acid corresponding toresidue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 Ls not mutated. In some embodiments, themodified Fn3 domain may comprise an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs:69-71.

In some embodiments, the modified Fn3 domain described herein may bebased on a ¹⁰Fn3 domain (e.g. any one of human ¹⁰Fn3 domains of SEQ IDNO: 1-16, or any one of human ¹⁰Fn3 domains of SEQ ID NO: 17-29), a ⁷Fn3domain (e.g. human ⁷Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO:65), or a ¹⁴Fn3 domain (e.g.human ¹⁴Fn3 domain SEQ ID NO:66), wherein the amino acid correspondingto residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated. In some embodiments, themodified Fn3 domain may be a modified ¹⁰Fn3 domain wherein the aminoacid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated.

In some embodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQID NO: 1 may be mutated to any amino acid except Thr (T). In someembodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1may be mutated to a hydrophilic amino acid. In some embodiments, theamino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated toan amino acid selected from Gin (Q), Glu (E), and Asp (D). In someembodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1may be mutated to an amino acid selected from Glu (E) and Asp (D). Insome embodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ IDNO: 1 may be mutated to Glu (E) in a ¹⁰Fn3 domain. In some embodiments,the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may bemutated to Asp (D) in a ¹⁰Fn3 domain.

In some embodiments, in the modified Fn3 domain, the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated to Ala (A).In some embodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQID NO: 1 is not mutated to Ile (I). In some embodiments, the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated to Arg (R),His (H), or Lys (K). In some embodiments, the amino acid correspondingto residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated to Ser (S) or Asn (N). Insome embodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ IDNO: 1 is not mutated to Cys (C), Gly (G), or Pro (P). In someembodiments, the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1is not mutated to Val (V), Leu (L), Met (M), Phe (F), Tyr (Y), or Trp(W).

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ile (I), at least one of the amino acidscorresponding to residues 23-29, 52-54 and 56 of SEQ ID NO:1 is the sameas the corresponding residue of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A), at least one of the amino acidscorresponding to residues 23, 24, 26, 29, 52-54, and 56 of SEQ ID NO:1is the same as the corresponding residue of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A), three or more residues of the BCloop are the same as the corresponding residues in the BC loop of SEQ IDNO: 1, or two or more residues of the DE loop are the same as thecorresponding residues in the DE loop of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A) or Ile (I), the first two residues ofthe BC loop are the same as the corresponding residues in the BC loop ofSEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A) or Ile (I), the first three residuesof the BC loop are the same as the corresponding residues in the BC loopof SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A) or Ile (I), the first four residuesof the BC loop are the same as the corresponding residues in the BC loopof SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A) or Ile (I), the first five residuesof the BC loop are the same as the corresponding residues in the BC loopof SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, if the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 is mutated to Ala (A) or Ile (I), the BC loop has the aminoacid sequence of the corresponding loop of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In some embodiments, a Fn3 domain comprises a solubility enhancingmutation at residue 58, and comprises an amino acid at position 19, 21and/or 50 that corresponds to the wildtype residue at that position,e.g., Leu for residue 19, Ser for residue 21 and Ser for residue 60. Insome embodiments, a Fn3 domain comprises a solubility enhancing mutationat residue 58, and an amino acid sequence wherein 1, 2, 3 or 4 of aminoacids at positions 63-66 correspond to the wildtype residue at thatposition (e.g. K for residue 63, P for residue 64, G for residue 65, Vfor residue 66). In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain may comprise asolubility enhancing mutation at residue 58, and an amino acid sequencewherein at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the residues of loops AB, CD, DE EFor of the N-terminal 7 amino acids correspond to the wildtype residue atthat position.

In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification in loopAB relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification in loopBC relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification in loopCD relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification in loopDE relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation docs not comprise an amino acid modification in loopEF relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification in loopFG relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification in anon-loop region, e.g., a β-strand relative to the amino acid sequence ofthe wildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain proteincomprising a solubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an aminoacid modification in the N-terminal or C-terminal domains relative tothe amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. In certainembodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubility enhancingmutation docs not comprise an amino acid modification in β-strand Arelative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain. Incertain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acid modification inβ-strand B relative to the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain protein comprising asolubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an amino acidmodification in β-strand C relative to the amino acid sequence of thewildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain proteincomprising a solubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an aminoacid modification in β-strand D relative to the amino acid sequence ofthe wildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain proteincomprising a solubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an aminoacid modification in β-strand E relative to the amino acid sequence ofthe wildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain proteincomprising a solubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an aminoacid modification in β-strand F relative to the amino acid sequence ofthe wildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain proteincomprising a solubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an aminoacid modification in β-strand G relative to the amino acid sequence ofthe wildtype Fn3 domain. In certain embodiments, a Fn3 domain proteincomprising a solubility enhancing mutation does not comprise an aminoacid modification in either of two loops, two strands, two loops and onestrand, two loops and two strands, or one loop and two strands relativeto the amino acid sequence of the wildtype Fn3 domain.

In certain embodiments, the BC loop of an Fn3 domain protein comprisinga solubility enhancing mutation has the amino acid sequence of thecorresponding loop of the wildtype human Fn3 domain, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain(SEQ ID NO: 1). In certain embodiments, the first 2 residues of the BCloop of an Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubility enhancing mutationare the same as the corresponding residues in the BC loop of thewildtype human Fn3 domain, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 1). In certainembodiments, the first 3 residues of the BC loop of an Fn3 domainprotein comprising a solubility enhancing mutation are the same as thecorresponding residues in the BC loop of the wildtype human Fn3 domain,e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 1). In certain embodiments, the first 4residues of the BC loop of an Fn3 domain protein comprising a solubilityenhancing mutation are the same as the corresponding residues in the BCloop of the wildtype human Fn3 domain, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO:1). In certain embodiments, the first 5 residues of the BC loop of anFn3 domain protein comprising a solubility enhancing mutation are thesame as the corresponding residues in the BC loop of the wildtype humanFn3 domain, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domain (SEQ ID NO: 1).

Amino acid changes in loop and/or non-loop regions of a Fn3 domain thatare made to enhance the solubility of a Fn3 domain preferably do notsignificantly affect the biological activity of the Fn3 domain. Forexample, a solubility enhancing mutation preferably does notsignificantly reduce the affinity of binding (e.g., K_(d)) of the Fn3domain to its desired target. In some embodiments, a solubilityenhancing mutation, e.g., a T58 mutation, may reduce the affinity ofbinding (K_(d)) of an Fn3 domain by less than 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%,50%, 70%, or 90%. In some embodiments, a solubility enhancing mutationmay not significantly reduce the stability (e.g., Tm) of a Fn3 domain orprotein comprising a Fn3 domain. In some embodiments, a solubilityenhancing mutation, e.g., a T58 mutations, may reduce the stability(e.g., Tm) of a Fn3 domain or protein comprising a Fn3 domain by lessthan 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%, or 90%, or regarding Tm, byless than 0.1° C., 0.3° C., 0.5° C., 0.7° C., 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4°C., 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., 8° C., 9° C., 10° C., 11° C., 12° C., or 13° C.In some embodiments, a solubility enhancing mutation does notsignificantly reduce either the stability or binding affinity of an Fn3protein.

In some embodiments, in a Fn3 domain, the amino acid corresponding toresidue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated to a hydrophilic amino acid,wherein the solubility of the modified Fn3 domain may be enhancedrelative to the solubility of the Fn3 domain wherein the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated, and whereinthe mutation may reduce the stability (e.g., Tm) of the Fn3 domain byless than 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50%, or regarding Tm, by lessthan 1° C., 2° C., 3° C., 4° C., 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., 8° C., 9° C., 10°C., 11° C., 12° C., or 13° C. In some embodiments, in a Fn3 domain, theamino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated toan amino acid selected from Gin (Q), Glu (E), and Asp (D), wherein thesolubility of the modified Fn3 domain may be enhanced relative to thesolubility of the Fn3 domain wherein the amino acid corresponding toresidue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated, and wherein the mutation mayreduce the stability (e.g., Tm) of the Fn3 domain by less than 1%, 3%,5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50%, or regarding Tm, by less than 1° C., 2° C.,3° C., 4° C., 5° C., 6° C., 7° C., 8° C., 9° C., 10° C., 11° C., 12° C.,or 13° C. In some embodiments, in a Fn3 domain, the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated to Glu (E),wherein the solubility of the modified Fn3 domain may be enhancedrelative to the solubility of the Fn3 domain wherein the amino acidcorresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated, and whereinthe mutation may reduce the stability (e.g., Tm) of the Fn3 domain byless than 5% 10% or 15%, or regarding Tm, by less than 1° C., 2° C., 3°C., 4° C., 5° C. or 10° C. In some embodiments, in a Fn3 domain, theamino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be mutated toAsp (D), wherein the solubility of the modified Fn3 domain may beenhanced relative to the solubility of the Fn3 domain wherein the aminoacid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not mutated, andwherein the mutation may reduce the stability (e.g., Tm) of the Fn3domain by less than 15% or 20%, or regarding Tm, by less than 5° C., 10°C. or 15° C.

In certain embodiments, the mutations described herein enhance thesolubility of a protein that is a multivalent protein that comprises twoor more Fn3 domains, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domains. For example, a multivalentprotein may comprise 2, 3 or more Fn3 domains, e.g., ¹⁰Fn3 domains, thatare covalently associated. In exemplary embodiments, the protein may bea bispecific or dimeric protein comprising two ¹⁰Fn3 domains. Asolubility enhancing mutation, e.g., a mutation at T58, may be presentin one or more of the Fn3 domains of a multimeric Fn3 protein. Incertain embodiments, each Fn3 domain of a multimeric Fn3 protein maycomprise a solubility enhancing mutation, e.g., a mutation at T58.

In some embodiments, the polypeptide described herein further compriseat least one pharmacokinetic (PK) moieties selected from: apolyoxyalkylene moiety, a human serum albumin binding protein, sialicacid, human serum albumin, transferrin, IgG, an IgG binding protein, andan Fc (or fragment thereof). In some embodiments, the PK moiety is thepolyoxyalkylene moiety. In some embodiments, the polyoxyalkylene moietyis polyethylene glycol (PEG). In some embodiments, the PEG moiety iscovalently linked to the polypeptide via a Cys or Lys amino acid. Insome embodiments, the PEG is between about 0.5 kDa and about 100 kDa. Insome embodiments, the PK moiety is an Fc fragment.

As described herein, the modified Fn3 domains may be used to bind to anytarget of interest for treatment of diseases or disorders. The diseasesor disorders that may be treated will be dictated by the bindingspecificity of the Fn3 domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide mayspecifically bind to a target that is not bound by a wildtype Fn3 domain(e.g., a human Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO: 1-16, 65, or 66). Exemplarytargets include, for example, TNF-alpha, VEGFR2, PCSK9, TL-23, EGFR,IGF1R, DLL4, IL-17 and PXR. Merely as an example, modified Fn3 domainsthat bind to TNF-alpha may be used to treat autoimmune disorders such asrheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and asthma.Modified Fn3 domains that bind to IL-17 may be used to treat asthma; andmodified Fn3 domains that bind to DLL4 or EGFR may be used to treathyperproliferative disorders or diseases associated with unwantedangiogenesis, such as cancers or tumors.

The application also provides methods for administering the polypeptidesdescribed herein to a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is ahuman. In some embodiments, the proteins are pharmaceutically acceptableto a mammal, in particular a human. A “pharmaceutically acceptable”composition refers to a composition that is administered to an animalwithout significant adverse medical consequences.

In certain embodiments, the application provides pharmaceuticallyacceptable compositions comprising the polypeptide described herein. Insome embodiments, the composition is essentially pyrogen free. In someembodiments, the composition is substantially free of microbialcontamination making it suitable for in vivo administration. Thecomposition may be formulated, for example, for intravenous (IV),intraperitoneal (IP) or subcutaneous (SubQ) administration. In someembodiments, the composition comprises a physiologically acceptablecarrier. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition is between 2-9,3-8, 4-7.5, 4-7, 4-6.5, or between 4-5.5, or is about 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, or5.5. In some embodiments, the concentration of the polypeptide is1-1000, 1-500, 1-200, 1-100, 1-50, 1-20, 1-10, 1-5, or 0.5-2 mg/ml inthe composition.

In certain embodiments, the application provides a nucleic acid encodingthe polypeptides as described herein. Vectors containing polynucleotidesfor such polypeptides are included as well. Suitable vectors include,for example, expression vectors. A further aspect of the applicationprovides for a cell, comprising a polynucleotide, vector, or expressionvector, encoding a polypeptide described herein.

Sequences are preferably optimized to maximize expression in the celltype used. In some embodiments, expression is in a bacterial cell, suchas E. coli. In other embodiments, expression is in a mammalian cell. Inone embodiment, the cell expresses a polypeptide comprising a modifiedFn3 domain as described herein. In certain embodiments, thepolynucleotides encoding polypeptides described herein are codonoptimized for expression in the selected cell type. Also provided aremethods for producing a polypeptide as described herein, comprisingculturing a host cell comprising a nucleic acid, vector, or expressionvector encoding the polypeptide described and recovering the expressedpolypeptide from the culture.

In certain embodiments, the application provides libraries comprising aplurality of the polypeptides described herein. The libraries providedherein may comprise, for example, at least 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹,10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³, or 10¹⁴, or more polypeptides, each optionalcomprising a different amino acid sequence. Also provided are methodsfor identifying a polypeptide that binds to a target of interest fromone of the libraries described herein. For example, a library screeningmethod may comprise, for example, contacting a library of thepolypeptides described herein with a target of interest, and isolatingmembers of the library that bind to the target (e.g., with a particularaffinity or under suitable wash conditions). The isolation step may becarried out using any suitable method, such as phage display or mRNAdisplay. Similarly, target binding may be conducted using any suitablemethod such as immobilizing the target on a solid support (e.g., acolumn, chip, bead, etc.) and mixing the immobilized target with thelibrary under conditions suitable to allow protein binding. The boundlibrary members may then be separated from unbound library members toyield an isolated Fn3 protein that binds to the target. In certainembodiments, the isolation method may involve repeated rounds of targetbinding and isolation steps.

Provided are also isolated polypeptides identified by a method describedherein. In some embodiments, the isolated polypeptide may bind to thetarget with a K_(d) of less than 1500 nM (1.5 pM), 1000 nM (1 pM), 500nM, 400 nM, 300 nM, 200 nM, 100 nM, 50 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM, 5 nM, 1 nM, 500pM, 100 pM or less. In some embodiments, the polypeptide may bind to thetarget with a K_(d) between 1 pM and 1 pM, between 100 pM and 500 nM,between 1 nM and 500 nM, or between 1 nM and 100 nM.

Exemplary Sequences

WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain:  (SEQ ID NO: 1)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIDKPSQ ¹⁰Fn3 Domain of SEQ ID NO: 1 with D97E:  (SEQ ID NO: 2)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIEKPSQ WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 1:  (SEQ ID NO: 3)LEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEFTVPGSKST ATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINY WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 2:  (SEQ ID NO: 4)EVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEFTVPGSKST ATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRT WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 3:  (SEQ ID NO: 5)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRT WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 4:  (SEQ ID NO: 6)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTE WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 5:  (SEQ ID NO: 7)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEI WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 6:  (SEQ ID NO: 8)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEID ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 7 (version 6 with D97E): (SEQ ID NO: 9) VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIE WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 8:  (SEQ ID NO: 10)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIDK ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 9 (version 8 with D97E): (SEQ ID NO: 11) VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIEK WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 10:  (SEQ ID NO: 12)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIDKP ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 11 (version 10 with D97E): (SEQ ID NO: 13) VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIEKP WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 12:  (SEQ ID NO: 14)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIDKPS¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence version 13 (version 12 with D97E): (SEQ ID NO: 15) VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPISINYRTEIEKPSWT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain with D80E Substitution  (SEQ ID NO: 16)VSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDAPAVTVRYYRITYGETGGNSPVQEF TVPGSKSTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTGRGESPASSKPISINYRTEIDKPSQ Degenerate WT ¹⁰Fn3 Domain Core Sequence:  (SEQ ID NO: 17)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRT  (SEQ ID NO: 18)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTE  (SEQ ID NO: 19)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEI  (SEQ ID NO: 20)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEID  (SEQ ID NO: 21)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIE  (SEQ ID NO: 22)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIDK  (SEQ ID NO: 23)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIEK  (SEQ ID NO: 24)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIDKP  (SEQ ID NO: 25)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIEKP  (SEQ ID NO: 26)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIDKPS (SEQ ID NO: 27)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIEKPS (SEQ ID NO: 28)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIDKPSQ  (SEQ ID NO: 29)VSDVPRDLEVVAA(X)_(u)LLISW(X)_(y)YRITY(X)_(w)FTV(X)_(x)ATISGL(X)_(y)YTIT VYA(X)_(z)ISINYRTEIEKPSQ  (SEQ ID NO: 30) MGVSDVPRDL  (SEQ ID NO: 31)GVSDVPRDL  (SEQ ID NO: 32) X_(n)SDVPRDL  (SEQ ID NO: 33) X_(n)DVPRDL (SEQ ID NO: 34) X_(n)VPRDL  (SEQ ID NO: 35) X_(n)PRDL  (SEQ ID NO: 36)X_(n)RDL  (SEQ ID NO: 37) X_(n)DL  (SEQ ID NO: 38) MASTSG (SEQ ID NO: 39) EIEK  (SEQ ID NO: 40) EGSGC  (SEQ ID NO: 41) EIEKPCQ (SEQ ID NO: 42) EIEKPSQ  (SEQ ID NO: 43) EIEKP  (SEQ ID NO: 44) EIEKPS(SEQ ID NO: 45) EIEKPC  (SEQ ID NO: 46) HHHHHH  (SEQ ID NO: 47) EIDK (SEQ ID NO: 48) EIDKPCQ  (SEQ ID NO: 49) EIDKPSQ (FibconB; SEQ ID NO: 50)MPAPTDLRFTNETPSSLLISWTPPRVQITGYIIRYGPVGSDGRVKEFTVP PSVSSATITGLKPGTEYTISVIALKDNQESEPLRGRVTTGG  (SEQ ID NO: 51) TPSS(SEQ ID NO: 52) TPPRVQI  (SEQ ID NO: 53) VGSDGR  (SEQ ID NO: 54) PSVS(SEQ ID NO: 55) GLKPG  (SEQ ID NO: 56) KDNQESEP  (SEQ ID NO: 57)LDAPTDLQVTNVTDTSITVSWTPPSATITGYRITYTPSNGPGEPKELTVP PSSTSVTITGITPGVEYVVSVYALKDNQESPPLVGTCTT  (SEQ ID NO: 58)LPAPKNLVVSEVTEDSLRLSWTAPDAAFDSFLIQYQESEKVGEAINLTV PGSERSYDLTGLKPGTEYTVSIYGVKGGHRSNPLSAEFTT  (SEQ ID NO: 59) TEDS(SEQ ID NO: 60) TAPDAAF  (SEQ ID NO: 61) SEKVGE  (SEQ ID NO: 62) GSER (SEQ ID NO: 63) GLKPG  (SEQ ID NO: 64) KGGHRSN  Wildtype ⁷Fn3 domain: (SEQ ID NO: 65) PLSPPTNLHLEANPDTGVLTVSWERSTTPDITGYRITTTPTNGQQGNSL EEVVHADQSSCTFDNLSPGLEYNVSVYTVKDDKESVPISDTTIP  Wildtype ¹⁴Fn3 domain: (SEQ ID NO: 66) NVSPPRRARVTDATETTITISWRTKTETITGFQVDAVPANGQTPIQRTIK PDVRSYTITGLQPGTDYKIYLYTLNDNARSSPVVIDAST  EGFR#8 ¹⁰Fn3 domain: (SEQ ID NO: 67) MGVSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDSGRGSYQYYRITYGETGGNSPVQ EFTVPGPVHTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTDHKPHADGPHTYHESPISINYRTEID  KPSQ EGFR#4 ¹⁰Fn3 domain:  (SEQ ID NO: 68)MGVSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWYWEGLPYQYYRITYGETGGNSPV QEFTVPRDVNTATISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTDWYNPDTHEYIYHTIPISINYRTEID  KPSQ EGFR#8-T58E ¹⁰Fn3 domain:  (SEQ ID NO: 69)MGVSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDSGRGSYQYYRITYGETGGNSPVQ EFTVPGPVHTAEISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTDHKPHADGPHTYHESPISINYRTEID  KPSQ EGFR#8-T58D ¹⁰Fn3 domain:  (SEQ ID NO: 70)MGVSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWDSGRGSYQYYRITYGETGGNSPVQ EFTVPGPVHTADISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTDHKPHADGPHTYHESPISINYRTEID  KPSQ EGFR#4-T58E ¹⁰Fn3 domain:  (SEQ ID NO: 71)MGVSDVPRDLEVVAATPTSLLISWYWEGLPYQYYRITYGETGGNSPV QEFTVPRDVNTAEISGLKPGVDYTITVYAVTDWYNPDTHEYIYHTIPISINYRTEID  KPSQ 

EXAMPLES

The invention described herein will be more readily understood byreference to the following examples which are included merely forpurposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of thepresent disclosure, and are not intended to limit the invention in anyway.

Example 1: Proteins Solubility Based on a Kosmotrope-Based Assay

This example describes aggregation propensity of proteins based on theirrelative solubility in ammonium sulfate (AS).

The effect of AS on protein solubility has been known for more than 80years (Green, A. A., 1931, J. Biol. Chem. 93, 495-516), where it hasmost commonly been used for protein fractionation and purification. Themechanism of AS-induced protein precipitation or “salting out,” isbelieved to involve the strong binding of water molecules by the polarkosmotropic sulfate anion, which dehydrates the protein surfaces,increases the chemical potential of the protein and causes the proteinmolecules to aggregate into an amorphous precipitate (Baldwin, R. L.,1996, Biophys J. 77:2056-63). Because the hydrophobic surfaces on theprotein are preferentially dehydrated over the polar surfaces,AS-induced protein self-association is driven by the interaction ofexposed hydrophobic surfaces, similar to the forces that driveaggregation in the absence of AS (Young, L. et al., 1994, Protein Sci.3, 717-29; Arunachalam, J. and Gautham, N., 2008, Proteins. 71, 2012-25;Fink, A. L. 1998, Fold Des. 3, R9-23).

Described in this example is a method around this concept and itsapplication in analyzing solubility or aggregation propensity of proteintherapeutics of several different formats including single domainadnectins, multi-domain/multi-specific adnectins, adnectin-Fc fusions(Adn-Fcs), domain antibody (dAb) Fc-fusions (dAb-Fcs), and monoclonalantibodies (mAbs). The AS solubility data correlated with the proteinaggregation propensity observed by other established methods (seeYamniuk, A. P. et al, 2013, J Pharm. Sci. 102, 2424-2439).

Materials and Methods Proteins:

Single domain anti-EGFR adnectins, anti-EGFR/IGF1R bispecific tandemadnectins (EI-tandems), and PEGylated anti-EGFR/IGFR bispecific tandemadnectins were expressed and purified as previously described (Emanuel,S. L. et al., 2011, MAbs 3, 38-48). Adnectin-Fc and dAb-Fc fusions, aswell as mAbs were expressed in HEK293-6E or CHO-S cells and purified bystandard protein A affinity chromatography followed by preparative sizeexclusion chromatography (SEC). The Adn-Fc fusion proteins Adn-Fc-a,Adn-Fc-b, and Adn-Fc-e were over-expressed in E. coli, and each proteinwas refolded by resuspending the insoluble lysate fraction in 6 MGuanadinium HCl at pH 10.0 followed by dialysis against neutral pHbuffer. The resulting refolded protein was purified as described abovefor the mammalian expressed fusions. All proteins were >95% pure asjudged by SDS-PAGE.

Bench Scale Ammonium Sulfate Solubility Assay:

Bench-scale AS solubility studies were conducted at room temperature,and unless otherwise specified, the buffer was 10 mM NaPO₄, 130 mM NaClpH 7.1. Samples were prepared by mixing protein stock solution withbuffer and 3.5 M AS in matched buffer and pH, to produce a series of8-12 samples of identical [protein] and increasing [AS] over a desiredrange. As observed in other studies (Trevino, S. R. et al., 2007, J MolBiol. 366, 449-60; Schein, C. H., 1990, Biotechnology 8, 308-17),protein precipitation was rapid (<5 min), largely reversible upondilution, and the soluble protein concentration remained stable forhours to days following removal of precipitated protein bycentrifugation or filtration. In some instances the reversibility ofprecipitation was taken advantage of by generating samples of a givenprotein concentration at the lowest and highest desired ASconcentrations, and mixing these two samples in appropriate volumes togenerate the intermediate AS concentrations of the titration series.Samples were incubated for ˜10 minutes at room temperature, followed byeither centrifugation or filtration to remove precipitated protein, andprotein concentration was determined using absorbance at 280 nm (A₂₈₀)of 2-3 ul of sample on a NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific) instrument.

Automated Ammonium Sulfate Solubility Assay:

Samples for the automated AS solubility assay were prepared using aTecan Genesis Freedom 200 instrument at room temperature. First, 125 ulof protein stock solution was aspirated from a stock tube or plate, and15 ul was dispensed into each of 8 wells in a 384 well plate (WhatmanUniplate #7701-5101). Next, 40 ul of 8 different AS solutions in bufferwere aspirated from a 96 deep well plate and 35 ul was dispensed intothe 8 protein wells with immediate gentle mixing. Following preparationof the last sample in a given set, all samples were incubated for anadditional 5 minutes at room temperature. Then, samples were gentlymixed and 47 ul of the protein/AS mixture was aspirated and 45 uldispensed into a 384-well filter plate (PALL AcroPrcp384 100 ul 0.45 umGHP #PN5071) placed on top of 384 well coming clear flat bottom U Vplate (Corning UV 384 well #3675). Precipitated protein was filtered bycentrifuging for 5 min at 21° C. Soluble protein was detected using aSpectroMax M5 plate reader, by measuring either the absorbance at 280 nm(A₂₈₀), or intrinsic fluorescence using an excitation wavelength of 280nm and emission wavelength of 350 nm. Both detection methods generallygave comparable results, but A₂₈₀ detection was implemented as thedefault method for analysis.

Ammonium Sulfate Solubility Data Analysis and Curve Fitting:

The solubility of a protein in AS within the salting out region can bedescribed by the linear relationship (Eq. 1) (Green, A. A., 1931, J.Biol. Chem. 93, 495-516):

log S=β−Ks[AS]  (1)

where S is the protein solubility (protein concentration), β is thetheoretical solubility at zero molar AS, Ks is the salting out constant,and [AS] is the AS concentration. Theoretically, the solubility ofdifferent proteins can be evaluated by comparing β values extrapolatedfrom data in the salting out region. However, at the low proteinconcentrations and volumes desired for high throughput screening, therewas limited data within the salting out region and thereforeconsiderable uncertainty in the extrapolation, making β value comparisonunreliable. Therefore, the salting out data were fitted to a sigmoidalcurve function (Eq, 2):

$\begin{matrix}{Y = {\frac{A_{1} - A_{2}}{1 + e^{{{({x - {ASm}})}/d}x}} + A_{2}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

where A₁ is the initial Y value (absorbance or fluorescence), A2 is thefinal Y value, dx is the slope, and ASm is the salting out midpointvalue. ASm analysis enabled a rapid quantitative comparison of therelative solubility of different proteins using either A₂₈₀ orfluorescence detection, and eliminated the necessity of converting thedata to units of protein concentration. In general, calculatedcurve-fitting errors were in a similar range as the typical standarddeviation for multiple independent measurements of a given protein(˜0.01-0.04 M). The analysis of ASm values is also similar to thedetermination of PEGmidpoint values recently described by Gibson, T. J.et al (2011, J Pharm Sci. 100, 1009-21)

Accelerated Stability Studies:

Accelerated stability (forced degradation) studies were carried out forseveral adnectin-Fc molecules by incubating 1 mg/ml protein samples in50 mM sodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄) pH 7.0 and/or 50 mM sodium succinate(Na₂C₄H₄O₄) pH 6.0 for 2-4 weeks at temperatures ranging from 30-37° C.In all cases the incubation temperatures were at least 15° below themelting temperature (Tm) of the molecules as determined by eitherdifferential scanning calorimetry or thermal scanning fluorescence, inorder to minimize non-native state degradation pathways. At various timepoints during the incubation, aliquots were removed and subjected toanalytical size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis to determine thepercentage of monomer, high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecularweight (LMW) species.

Ultrafiltration:

Ultrafiltration studies with anti-EGFR adnectin molecules were performedin VivaSpin 3000 MWCO concentrators at room temperature. 0.5-1.0 mg/mlprotein in PBS pH 7.1 were slowly concentrated using centrifugal forceto a target of30-40 mg/ml with periodic mixing to avoid gradientformation, and then samples were incubated at 4° C. for 5 days.Precipitated protein was removed by centrifugation, and the solubleprotein concentration was measured by A280 on a Nanodrop 2000instrument, with the aggregation state measured by DLS as describedbelow. Ultrafiltration studies for adnectin-Fc or dAb-Fc molecules wereperformed at 4° C. in VivaSpin 10,000 MWCO concentrators using positivepneumatic pressure regulated at 15 psi. To minimize gradient formationthe concentrators were placed on a rocker plate set to 60 rpm forcontinual mixing, and samples were periodically removed and gently mixedby pipette. Typically starting samples were 1-7 mg/ml protein and wereconcentrated to ˜50 mg/ml or higher over the course of 6-8 hours. 20-40ul aliquots were removed at various time points and stored overnight at4° C., followed by centrifugation to remove any precipitates, and thenprotein concentration was determined by A280 and the aggregation stateof undiluted samples characterized by analytical SEC.

Dynamic Light Scattering:

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were performed on a Wyatt DynaProplate reader in 384 well plates at 25° C., using protein samples in 10mM NaPO₄, 130 mM NaCl pH 7.1. Typical experimental parameters were 20acquisitions of 5 s each per measurement, and measurements were recordedat least in triplicate and averaged to give the reported values.Intensity autocorrelation functions were fitted using the“Regularization” algorithm in the Dynamics software (WyattTechnologies).

Results Ammonium Sulfate Solubility of Adnectins:

Initial AS solubility studies were performed at bench scale using a setof single domain adnectin molecules (monoadnectins) with loopsengineered to specifically bind to the EGFR receptor (EGFR #1-7), orIGF1R receptor (IGFR #1) (Emanuel, S. L. et at., 2011, MAbs 3, 38-48).An example salting out curve for 1 mg/ml IGF1R #1 is shown in FIG. 2. Atlow [AS], the measured [protein] was the same as the [protein] that wastested (1 mg/ml) indicating that no precipitation has occurred. However,at higher [AS], the solubility of IGFR #1 decreased resulting inprecipitation or “salting out”, and a corresponding decrease in themeasured [protein]. The data were fit to a sigmoidal curve function toobtain the salting out midpoint value (ASm), as described in Materialand Methods.

Salting out curves for EGFR #1-7 as well as IGFR #1 are shown in FIG.3A, and ASm values together with other biophysical data are summarizedin Table 1. Despite being monomeric proteins of similar size andstructure, the adnectins each had unique salting out properties with ASmvalues ranging from 0.67 M for the least soluble adnectin (EGFR #4, SEQID NO:68), to ASm=2.01 M for the most soluble adnectin (EGFR #6). Todetermine whether these ASm values were predictive of the aggregationpropensity observed using other methods, small scale ultrafiltrationexperiments was performed by concentrating each EGFR adnectin to atarget concentration of 30-40 mg/ml. The soluble protein concentrationwas measured by A₂₈₀ and the aggregation state evaluated using DLS.These data showed that the adnectins with lower ASm values also hadlower solubility limits (EGFR #2, EGFR #3, EGFR #4) and/or higheraggregation levels (EGFR #2, EGFR #4, EGFR #5) at elevated proteinconcentrations (Table 1). In contrast, the solubility data showed nocorrelation with biophysical parameters such as thermal stability, orwith parameters predicted from the amino acid sequence such as pi,charge, or hydropathy.

Similar bench scale salting out studies were performed using each of theEGFR #1-7 adnectins fused in-line with IGF1R #1 (EI-tandems), as well asfor the EI-tandems covalently linked with a 40 kDa branched polyethyleneglycol on the C-terminus (EI-tandem-PEG) which was done to extend serumhalf life (Emanuel et al., 2011, mAbs 3, 38-48). The slope of thesalting out curves for the ET-tandems was similar to the monoadnectins(FIG. 3B). However, the PEGylated EI-tandems all salted out over a verynarrow [AS] range of ˜0.7-0.9 M and had much steeper salting outtransitions (FIG. 3C). Similar behavior was also noted for otherPEGylated proteins (FIG. 4), which may be likely due to additionalvolume exclusion effects from the attached PEG moiety (Stevenson, C. L.and Hageman, M. J., 1995, Pharm Res. 12, 1671-6). Interestingly, despitethe differences in absolute AS solubility values for the differentadnectin formats, the relative solubility ranking based on the identityof the anti-EGFR adnectin domain was largely conserved between formats(FIG. 3D), suggesting that the AS solubility of the monoadnectins ispredictive of the solubility for the more complex multi-domainbispecific or PEG-formatted molecules.

Ammonium Sulfate Solubility of Adnectin-Fc Fusions:

To determine if the AS solubility was predictive of the aggregationpropensity of other protein therapeutic formats such as Fc-fusions, anautomated, plate-based AS solubility method was used to generate saltingout curves using either UV absorbance (A280) or fluorescence detectionusing as little as 50 micrograms of protein to generate an 8-point curve(Figure SB and C). The relative solubility comparisons described belowfor Adn-Fcs, dAb-Fcs and mAbs were all performed using identical proteinconcentrations of 0.45 mg/ml.

The automated AS solubility method was applied to a series of Adn-Fcmolecules with diverse binding loops specifically selected to binddifferent therapeutic target proteins, each of which was fused to ahuman IgG1 Fc-domain (Adn-Fcs). Most Adn-Fcs were produced in mammaliancells and are indicated with upper case letters (i.e., Adn-Fc-A), but afew molecules were also produced in E. coli, and are indicated withlower case letters (i.e., Adn-Fc-a). The aggregation propensity of manyof these Adn-Fc molecules had been previously characterized at lowconcentration (1 mg/ml) under accelerated conditions of thermal stress,where three molecules (Adn-A, Adn-a, and Adn-L) were shown to have asignificantly higher aggregation propensity than the others (FIG. 6A).Those molecules that demonstrated low aggregation propensity in theaccelerated stability study were scaled up and concentrated byultrafiltration, and the levels of soluble high molecular weight (HMW)were measured by SEC at elevated protein concentration. Theseexperiments identified two additional molecules Adn-B and Adn-b withsignificantly higher aggregation propensity compared to the others (FIG.6B).

The salting out properties of the Adn-Fc molecules were characterizedusing the automated method, and the salting out behavior was compared tothe accelerated stability and ultrafiltration data. The Adn-Fc moleculeswere found to salt out over a fairly broad range of [AS], with ASmvalues of 0.67-1.33 M (FIGS. 6C and D). Molecules produced in HEK andCHO cells had indistinguishable salting out curves (not shown). However,E. coli produced proteins were found to be of either higher (Adn-Fc-b),lower (Adn-Fc-e), or similar (Adn-Fc-a) solubility compared tomammalian-produced molecules, Adn-Fc-B, Adn-Fc-E and Adn-Fc-Arespectively (FIG. 6D). The three molecules (Adn-Fc-A, Adn-Fc-a,Adn-Fc-L) with the highest aggregation propensity in the acceleratedstability studies, also had the lowest ASm values (ASm=0.67-0.76 M).Adn-Fc-B and Adn-Fc-b also had lower AS solubility (ASm=0.94-1.03 M)compared to the other molecules tested (ASm=1.15-1.33 M), which isconsistent with the higher aggregation levels observed for thesemolecules at higher protein concentrations.

Therefore, the AS solubility assay was able to rapidly identify the same“high aggregation propensity” Adn-Fc molecules that were identified inthe accelerated stability and ultrafiltration studies.

Solubility of dAb-Fc Fusions:

To determine if the AS solubility method was predictive of the relativesolubility of protein therapeutics other than adnectins, a series ofdomain antibody Fc-fusion (dAb-Fc) molecules were tested using theautomated method. The dAbs were from several different sequence familieswith binding loops specifically selected to bind different therapeutictargets. The nomenclature for these molecules includes an identifier forthe sequence family (ex. “3” in dAb3-1) as well as for the specificsequence variant within the family (example, “1” in dAb3-1). The dAbmolecules were produced as fusions to either human IgG4 Fc domaincontaining a hinge stabilizing S228P mutation (Newman, R. et al., 2001,Clin Immunol. 98, 164-74) (referred to as IgG4), or fused to one ofseveral modified human IgG1 Fc domains which are identified withasterisks, for example IgG 1*, IgG 1**, IgG 1***, etc. Many of thesedAb-Fc molecules (dAb3, dAb5, dAb6, dAb9 families) could be purified asstable monomers as judged by SEC-MALS (not shown) or DLS (FIGS. 7B andC), whereas other families demonstrated undesirable properties includinghigher aggregation (dAb2 and dAb8 families) (FIGS. 7B and C), and/orinteraction with several different analytical SEC columns (dAb2, dAb8and dAb9 families).

Example salting out curves for representative dAb-Fc molecules are shownin FIG. 7A, protein concentration-dependent hydrodynamic radius (Rh)data for selected molecules is shown in FIG. 7B, and the ASm values arecompared to the Rh measured at 1 mg/ml protein concentration in FIG. 7C.Like the Adn-Fcs described above, the dAb-Fcs were found to have a widerange of salting out properties, with ASm values of 0.64-1.40 M.Comparing the data for molecules containing the same dAb but differentFc domains (dAb3, dAb5 and dAb8 families) shows that the salting outproperties are primarily dependent on the identity of the dAb domain andlargely independent of the Fc domain (FIG. 7C). The monomeric dAb-Fcmolecules from the dAb3, dAb5 and dAb6 families had the highest a ASmvalues (1.11-1.40 M), including the seven molecules from the dAb6-Fcfamily (ASm=1.33-1.40 M) which had high sequence identity (98.6-99.7%)and very similar biophysical properties. On the other hand, all of thedAb-Fc molecules from the dAb2, dAb8 and dAb9 families whichdemonstrated higher aggregation and/or “stickiness” toward analyticalSEC columns, were found to have lower ASm values (0.64-1.05 M) (FIG.7C). One of the monomeric dAbs-Fcs with favorable AS solubility(dAb5-4-IgG1*) was produced at large scale to generate sufficientmaterial for ultrafiltration solubility studies, and the low aggregationpropensity was confirmed, with less than 2% HMW species observed atconcentrations as high as 100 mg/ml (FIG. 8).

Solubility of Monoclonal Antibodies:

The AS solubility of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were testedwhich had either the same Fc domain but different target binding Fabdomains, or the same Fab domains fused to different Fc domains. The Fcdomains in this sample set included wild type IgG1, various modifiedIgG1 Fc domains (IgG1*, IgG1**, IgG1***), IgG4-S228P (identified asIgG4), IgG2a, or a modified IgG2a (identified as IgG2a*). The saltingout data for the mAbs is shown in FIG. 9, and the ASm values and Fab/Fcidentifiers are listed in Table 2. Compared to the adnectins, Adn-Fcsand dAb-Fcs, the mAbs were all found to salt out over a narrower ASrange, with ASm values of 1.31-1.62 M. Despite this narrow range therewere clear and reproducible differences in solubility of differentmolecules, which were largely dependent on the identity of Fab domains,and less dependent on the Fc domain. For example, the ASm values formAb-A having 3 different Fc domains were all 1.54-1.62 M, and mAb-Bhaving 5 different Fc domains were all 1.38-1.51 M (Table 2). Thisimplies that mAb aggregation may be driven by self-association of theFab domains and likely the target binding CDRs which are the mostvariable regions of these molecules.

Application of Ammonium Sulfate Solubility Assay in Drug Optimization:

As described herein, an Alanine scanning approach was used to examinethe contribution of binding loop residues to the interaction energy foran adnectin binding to the EGFR receptor (referred to as EGFR #8,comprising a ¹⁰Fn3 domain of SEQ ID NO:67). All residues in the BC, DEand FG target binding loops were individually replaced with Ala, and theeffects on target binding were evaluated. In addition, one residueadjacent to the DE loop, T58, was also identified based on molecularmodeling as a site at which binding energy might be modified throughmutation. Thus three additional mutants (T58→E, T58→D, T58→Q) werecreated and studied for target binding. Those Ala and T58 mutants werealso tested to determine whether any of the mutations could enhance thesolubility of EGFR #8.

Wild type EGFR #8 Adnectin (SEQ ID NO:67), tested at 0.33 mg/ml, wasfound to salt out between ˜1.9-2.3 M AS, with ASm=2.1 M (FIG. 10).Initial studies with selected mutants indicated that the mutantsgenerally salted out over a similar range as the wild type protein.Therefore, to rapidly screen the mutants with minimal proteinconsumption, each protein was only tested at an [AS] near the onset (2.0M), and near the base (2.2 M) of the salting out transition for wildtype EGFR #8, where the data at 2.0 M could report primarily onmolecules with reduced solubility, and the data at 2.2 M could identifymolecules with higher solubility. This experiment identified mutantswith lower solubility such as D77→A, K79→A, and E85→A, and mutants withhigher solubility including S24→A, G27→A, V54→A, T58→E, T58→D, H78→A,P80→A, and Y83→A, as compared to wild type EGFR #8 Adnectin (FIG. 11A).The trends in solubility for a subset of these molecules were confirmedby generating complete titration curves (FIG. 10). The mutations whichdecreased solubility were generally those of hydrophilic residues suchas Asp, Glu or Lys to Ala, whereas those that improved solubility weregenerally mutations of more hydrophobic residues to Ala, or introductionof a hydrophilic Glu or Asp residue in place of T58.

Since the structure of EGFR #8 was determined, the residue-specificaggregation propensities were calculated for all mutated residues in theprotein using the “spatial-aggregation-propensity” (SAP) algorithm(Chennamsetty, N. et al., 2009, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106,11937-42). SAP values were calculated at high resolution using a radiusof 5 Å to identify specific aggregation-prone residues, as well as atlow resolution with R=10 Å to identify larger aggregation-pronehydrophobic patches. The SAP data for the mutated residues are shown inFIG. 11B. While the majority of the adnectin was found to be highlyhydrophilic (negative SAP values), the DE binding loop is predicted tohave a moderate hydrophobic character (positive SAP values) andpotentially prone to aggregation. Of the residues in this hydrophobicpatch, the mutations that were predicted to reduce hydrophobicity andthus aggregation the most (e.g. V54→A, T58→E and T58→D), did indeedsignificantly increase the solubility of EGFR #8 in the AS solubilityassay (FIG. 11A and FIG. 10). The measured solubility data alsoidentified additional mutations such as H78→A or Y83→A at whichsolubility could be enhanced by mutation, which was not predicted by SAPalone. In view of the structure-based target binding data (Example 2),some of the solubility-enhancing mutations (V54→A, H78→A, Y83→A)resulted in undesirable reductions in affinity/potency, likely due tothe removal of important hydrophobic interactions with the EGFR targetprotein. However, some other solubility-enhancing mutations (S24→A,G27→A, T58→E, and T58→D) resulted in unchanged or improvedbinding/potency, suggesting that these mutations may be usefulmodifications to optimize both the solubility and potency of theAdnectin.

TABLE 1 Summary of experimental data and theoretical properties ofanti-EGFR adnectins. “GRAVY” EGFR ASm Conc Conc Tm score TheoreticalTheoretical Adnectin (M)¹ (mg/ml) Rh (nm)² (mg/ml)³ Rh (nm)² (° C.)⁴Hydropathy⁵ pI charge at pH 7 EGFR#1 1.85 0.9 1.7 ± 0.1 33 2.3 ± 0.2 71−0.58 5.9 −4.2 EGFR#2 1.64 1.0 1.9 ± 0.1  22* 5.9 ± 0.7 59 −0.54 6.2−2.3 EGFR#3 1.34 1.1 1.8 ± 0.5  14* 2.5 ± 1.5 82 −0.57 6.0 −3.3 EGFR#40.67 0.6 1.9 ± 0.1    4.9* 3.0 ± 0.1 77 −0.50 5.4 −6.3 EGFR#5 1.45 1.42.0 ± 0.1 40 4.4 ± 0.0 78 −0.43 5.9 −3.4 EGFR#6 2.01 0.9 1.9 ± 0.0 362.5 ± 0.0 74 −0.56 5.9 −4.2 EGFR#7 1.53 1.2 1.7 ± 0.1 35 2.7 ± 0.1 n.d.⁶−0.48 5.9 −4.2 ¹at protein concentration of 0.28 mg/ml. ²Rh determinedby dynamic light scattering ³values with an asterisk (*) indicate anapparent solubility limit ⁴Tm = melting temperature ⁵GRAVY hydropathyscore calculate for variable target binding loop residues. All scaffoldresidues were identical in each adnectin. ⁶not determined

TABLE 2 ASm values for mAbs having different Fab or Fc domains. AntibodyFab Fc ASm¹ mAb-A-IgG1 A IgG1 1.59 ± 0.01 mAb-A-IgG1* A IgG1* 1.62mAb-A-IgG4 A IgG4 1.54, 1.56 mAb-B-IgG1 B IgG1 1.50 mAb-B-IgG1** BIgG1** 1.38 mAb-B-IgG2 B IgG2 1.51 mAb-B-IgG2* B IgG2* 1.40 mAb-B-IgG4 BIgG4 1.40 mAb-C-IgG1**** C IgG1**** 1.32, 1.33 mAb-D-IgG1 D IgG1 1.61mAb-E-IgG1 E IgG1 1.31 mAb-F-IgG1**** F IgG1**** 1.38 mAb-G-IgG4 G IgG41.53 mAb-H-IgG4 H IgG4 1.43 ± 0.05 ¹ASm values for experiments performedthree or more times are represented average ± standard deviation.

Example 2: Structure of Adnectin/Protein Complex

Adnectins that specifically bound epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) or interleukin 23 (IL-23), two therapeutically-validated targets,were generated using the mRNA display technique described previously (Xuet al., 2002, Chem. Biol. 9, 933-942). These Adnectins inhibit thebinding of their target to the target's cognate receptor or ligand andalso block intracellular signaling of the target/ligand interactions incell-based assays. A representative Adnectin that blocked each targetwas selected for co-crystallization with its target to identify thenature of the contacts.

Analysis of the structures of EGFR- and IL-23-binding Adnectins yieldsmultiple insights into the molecular interactions between ¹⁰Fn3-basedvariants and their targets. Many of the diversified loop residuescontact the target. More interestingly, not all the residues in thethree diversified loops (FIG. 12C) were at or near the ¹⁰Fn3-baseddomain/target interface. Conversely, several wildtype residues outsideof the diversified loops interact with the target protein. Main chainconformations of the two target-binding Adnectins and wildtype ¹⁰Fn3were similar, but conformations of the three diversified loops and theN-terminus were different from wildtype to facilitate binding to therespective target protein's surface.

Experimental Procedures: Adnectin Selection

Initial Adnectin binders against EGFR and IL-23 were obtained usingPROfusion (Xu et al., 2002, Chem. Biol. 9, 933-942; Getmanova et al.,2006, Chem. Biol. 13, 549-556), also known as mRNA display. Starting¹⁰Fn3 libraries were designed to randomize the underlined positionsindicated in FIG. 15A using trimer phosphoramidites (Glen Research). Allpositions were randomized with a mix of trimers representing 10% Tyr andequal amounts of all the other amino acids except Trp, Phe, and Cys,which were omitted from the mix. Subsequent screening identified aparental anti-EGFR Adnectin and a parental anti-IL-23 Adnectin ofinterest. The parental anti-EGFR Adnectin contained an R30Q mutation, aposition that was not randomized in the original library design.Optimization libraries based on the parental leads were then generatedwhere each loop was re-randomized with the above mix of codons whileholding the other two loops constant. PROfusion was conducted on thesesingle loop libraries until binding to the targets was recovered, andthen the randomized loops were recombined followed by additional roundsof PROfusion with lower target concentrations to obtain Adnectin 1 (SEQID NO:67, EGFR #8 in Example 1) and Adnectin 2. Adnectin 1 contains anFG loop that is five amino acids longer than that of 10Fn3, which wasnot included in the optimization library design. Both the initial R30Qmutation and the longer FG loop length most likely were generated due toeither errors during the PCR steps of PROfusion or in oligonucleotidesynthesis.

Purification and Activity Assays.

Expression and Purification of anti-IL-23 and anti-EGFR Adnectins wasanalogous to that described previously (Mamluk et al., 2010, mAbs 2,199-208). Inhibition of EGFR and IL-23 activities by these proteins wasmeasured by competition ELISA binding assays of Interleukin-23 andnative IL-23 receptor (IL-23R). Nunc Maxisorp plates (Thermo FisherScientific, Denmark) coated overnight with 50 μL Recombinant humanIL-23R-Fc (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.), 4 μg/mL in PBS at 4° C.Plates were washed with PBS containing 0.05% w/v Tween-20 using anautomated plate washer (Biotek, VT). OptEIA buffer (BD Bioscience, CA)was used as blocking agent and assay diluent. Adnectin dilutions rangingfrom 28 pM to 200 nM were pre-incubated with 1 nM IL-23 for an hourprior to transfer to blocked IL-23R-Fc coated plates. After a 30 minuteincubation bound IL-23 was detected via anti-IL-23 (GeneTex, CA) andanti-mouse-HRP (R&D Systems, MN) followed by TMB(3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine) (BD Bioscience, CA) addition. Percentinhibition was calculated by using a known IL-23 Adnectin neutralizingstandard to define 100% inhibition and a non-binding Adnectin standardas a negative control. IC50S were generated from the average of fourruns with an in-house curve fitting application. Adnectin inhibition ofphosphorylation of EGFR on tyrosine 1068 was determined using an H292cell in vitro ELISA assay as described elsewhere (Emanuel et al., 2011,mAbs 3, 38-48).

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Determination of Adnectin BindingConstants.

The K_(D) for Adnectin 2 was determined by surface plasmon resonance(SPR) on a Biacore T100 instrument (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.), byinjecting a concentration series of the Adnectin over three densities ofimmobilized human IL-23 in single cycle kinetics mode withoutregeneration of the surface.

The K_(D) for Adnectin 1 binding to recombinant EGFR-Fc (containingamino acids 25 to 645 of human EGFR ectodomain, R&D Systems) captured onmouse anti-human IgG antibody (GE Healthcare) was assessed by SPR.Anti-human IgG was immobilized on flow cells 1-4 of CMS sensor chipsaccording to the manufacturer's instructions to an average of 7500-10000RU. All kinetic measurements were conducted in HBS-P (10 mM HEPES, 150mM NaCl, 0.05% Surfactant P20) at 37° C. with 3 M MgCl2 as regenerationsolution. Kinetics of Adnectin-EGFR association were monitored for 250seconds followed by dissociation for up to 3000 seconds with Adnectinconcentrations of 0.78-100 nM. Kinetic parameters for both werecalculated using Biacore T100 software.

Expression and Purification of Human IL-23.

A bi-cistronic construct for expressing the p40 and p19 subunits ofIL-23 was created by cloning the p19 subunit into pFastBac Dual vector(Invitrogen) under control of the PpH promoter and the p40 subunit usinghp19-pFastBac Dual under control of the Pp10 promoter. Human IL-23 wasexpressed in Sf9 cells which secreted the IL-23 protein into the growthmedia. The media containing IL-23 was concentrated and buffer exchangedinto either PBS or Tris-buffered saline using tangential flowfiltration. Active IL-23 was affinity purified from this concentrate bymeans of a novel Adnectin affinity column consisting of purifiedanti-IL-23 Adnectin protein covalently linked via primary amine couplingto CNBr-activated Sepharose 4 Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare) accordingto the manufacturer's instructions and employing an overnight linkageincubation at 4° C. Concentrated, buffer exchanged media was passedthrough a column packed with this affinity resin at a linear flow rateof 20 cm/hr. The column bed was washed with five column volumes ofbuffer alone. Highly purified IL-23 was eluted with 0.1 M acetate, pH4.0, 1.0 M NaCl and the eluate was immediately pH neutralized with 1/10volume Tris HCl, pH 8.0. The sample was further purified using apreparative scale Superdex 200 size exclusion chromatography (SEC)column equilibrated and run in HBS buffer.

Purification of EGFR.

Human EGFR (residues 1-642) with a C-terminal His-tag was expressed inSf9 cells. The secreted media containing human EGFR was concentrated andbuffer exchanged into 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 250 mM NaCl, 5% (v/v)glycerol using tangential flow filtration. The human EGFR was purifiedby Ni-NTA chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography on aSuperdex 200 column (GE Healthcare) and fractions corresponding to theEGFR monomer were combined.

Preparation and Purification of EGFR/Adnectin 1 and IL-23/Adnectin 2Complexes.

Human EGFR was mixed with anti-EGFR Adnectin at a 1:6 molar ratio andincubated on ice for 2 hours. A 1:1 EGFR: Adenectin-1 complex waspurified using SEC on a Superdex 200 column equilibrated and run in 25mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl. Purified complex was concentrated using aVivaspin 5 kDa cutoff concentrator to 20 mg/mL.

Human IL-23/Adnectin 2 complex was purified analogously with thefollowing modifications using IL-23 purified as described above: IL-23and Adnectin-2 were mixed at 1:3 molar ratio and incubated overnight at4° C.; the final complex was concentrated to 12 mg/mL.

Crystallization of Protein Complexes.

EGFR/Adnectin-1 complex was crystallized at 20° C. using hanging dropvapor diffusion method by mixing 1 μL of protein complex with 1 μL ofreservoir solution containing 60% Tacsimate (Hampton Research, AlisoViejo, Calif.). IL-23/Adnectin-2 complex with a one-fold molar excess ofAdnectin-2 was crystallized in the same manner at 20° C., but used 1Mtri-sodium citrate, 0.2M NaCl, 0.1M Tris, pH 7.0 for Adenectin 2. Thecrystal quality of IL-23/Adnectin-2 complex was improved using crystalseeding.

Data Collection and Processing.

Data for the EGFR/Adnectin 1 complex were collected at beamline 211D-Gat LS-CAT at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory.The wavelength used was 0.979 Å and the detector was a Rayonix MX-300.Data were indexed, integrated, and scaled with HKL2000 (Otwinowski &Minor, 1997, Methods Enzymol. 276, 307-326). Data for IL-23/Adnectin 2were collected at beamline 17ID at IMCA-CAT at the Advanced PhotonSource at Argonne National Laboratory. The wavelength used was 1.0 Å andthe detector was a MAR 165 CCD. Data were indexed, integrated, andscaled with D*TREK (Pflugrath, 1999, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol.Crystallogr. 55, 1718-1725). Space group, unit cell parameters and datacollection statistics for both data sets are listed in Table 7.

Molecular Replacement.

A model for the Adnectins was derived from PDB 1FNF by deleting the BC,EF, and FG loops. The model for EGFR was based on domains of 1NQL. Themodel for IL-23 was a structure determined in a different crystal formfrom those published in the literature (3DUH, 3D87). PHASER (McCoy etal., 2007, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 40, 658-674) was used for molecularreplacement. When PHASER failed to find the Adnectin in theIL-23/Adnectin 2 complex, a six-dimensional search using the AMoRetranslation function was successfully used (Sheriff et al., 1999, J.Appl. Crystallogr. 32, 98-101; Navaza & Vcmoslova, 1995, ActaCrystallogr. Sect. A 51, 445-449; and CCP4, 1994, Acta Crystallogr. DBiol. Crystallogr. 50, 760-763).

Model Building, Refinement and Analysis.

COOT (Emsley et al., 2010, Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 66,486-501) was used for model building. Refinement was carried out withautoBUSTER (BUSTER, version 2.13.0. Cambridge, UK: Global Phasing Ltd.).Refinement statistics are listed in Table 7. Initial electron densityfor the diversified loops with the final model is shown in FIG. 16.Display graphics were produced with PyMOL v1.4 (Schrödinger, LLC).Buried surface area was calculated with the program MS (Connolly, 1983,J. Appl. Crystallogr. 16, 548-558) using a 1.7 Å probe sphere,contacting residues were enumerated as defined by Sheriff, 1993(Immunomethods 3, 191-196), Sheriff et al., 1987 (J. Mol. Biol. 197,273-296), and both use extended atomic radii as defined by Gelin &Karplus, 1979 (Biochemistry 1H, 1256-1268).

Estimates of Residue Free Energies & Interaction Energies.

The atomic models of the complexes were optimized using the ProteinPreparation Wizard workflow in MAESTRO 9.0.211 (Schrodinger, LLC. 2009).The estimate of Gibbs free energy was calculated as described previously(Novotny et al., 1989, Biochemistry 28, 4735-4749; Krystek et al., 1993,J. Mol. Biol. 234, 661-679) and implemented in a python script usingMAESTRO (Maestro, version 9.0, Schrödinger, LLC, New York, N.Y., 2009).

Energetics Calculations

Tables 8-10 contain the calculated energies for all mutant and wild typeresidues. For alanine-scanning mutagenesis the interaction energies andestimates of free energy were compared to experimental values forAdnectin target binding. The change in interaction energy from wildtypeto mutant is reported in Tables 3-5 along with the experimental data.For all contact residues in each complex individual homology models werecreated substituting all amino acids at each contact position. For eachof the models energetic calculations of the interaction energy andestimates of free energy were analyzed focusing on the amino acidscorresponding to contact positions within the Adnectins. The calculatedvalues for the selected models are presented in Tables 8-10.

Estimates of Residue Free Energies & Interaction Energies.

The atomic models of the complexes were optimized using the ProteinPreparation Wizard workflow in MAESTRO 9.0.211 (Schrodinger, LLC. 2009).During this process side chain protonation states, histidine tautomersand terminal Chi retainers for histidine, asparagine and glutamine sidechains are optimized. The final step in the workflow is restrainedminimization of the complex (0.3 Å RMSD) which allows for subtleoptimization of the complex within the OPLS_2005 force field. Proteinmodels were created for each mutant protein using PRIME side chainrefinement protocol followed by two minimization steps. The firstminimization was applied to only side chains for the subset of residuesthat were within 5 Å of a mutation site. The final minimization step wasapplied to the same subset of residues but it included the backbone ofthe residues in the minimization.

The estimate of Gibbs free energy was calculated as described previouslyand implemented in a python script using MAESTRO (Maestro, version 9.0,Schrödinger, LLC, New York, N.Y., 2009). The residue interactionenergies were determined using the OPLS_2005 force field as implementedin the Component Interactions script (Schrodinger, LLC) using Macromodel(MacroModel, version 9.7, Schrödinger, LLC, New York, N.Y., 2009). Thescript calculates the molecular mechanics interaction energy between aset of residues and outputs the individual VDW and electrostaticcontribution terms. For the electrostatic component, distance-dependentdielectric was used with a constant of 4.0, similar to the free energycalculations.

Accession Numbers.

Coordinates and structure amplitudes have been deposited in the RCSBProtein Data Bank under ID codes 3QWQ (EGFR/Adnectin 1) and 3QWR(IL-23/Adnectin 2).

Results Identification of EGFR and IL-23 Antagonistic Adnectins.

Adnectins that bound to and blocked activity of either EGFR (Adnectin 1)or IL-23 (Adnectin 2) were identified using the biochemical selectiontechnique of mRNA display in which a protein was covalently attached toits coding nucleic acid sequences (Xu et al., 2002, Chem. Biol. 9,933-942; Getmanova et al., 2006, Chem. Biol. 13, 549-556; Roberts &Szostak, 1997, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 94, 12297-12302) (FIG. 15Aand Experimental Procedures). Adnectin 1 bound the EGFR cctodomain Fcfusion with a 2 nM K_(D) and inhibited EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylationin H292 cells with an IC₅₀ of ˜50 nM. Adnectin 2 bound immobilized IL-23with a 2 nM K_(D) and competed with the IL-23/IL-23R interaction with anIC₅₀ of 1 nM in a biochemical receptor binding competition assay.Adnectin 1 was co-crystallized with EGFR and Adnectin 2 wasco-crystallized with IL-23 to determine the structural basis of theseactivities.

Overview of the Structure of the EGFR/Adnectin 1 Complex.

EGFR is a remarkably flexible molecule with differing interactionsbetween the four domains. EGFR structures deposited in the PDB (1IVO,1NQL, 1YY9) show that domains I and III are relatively rigid while partsof domains II and IV may adopt multiple conformations that orient domainIII differently with respect to domain I (Ogiso et al., 2002, Cell 110,775-787; Ferguson et al., 2003, Mol. Cell 11, 507-517; Li et al., 2005,Cancer Cell 7, 301-311). The structure of EGFR in the EGFR/Adnectin 1complex most closely resembled 1NQL, which Ls a complex of EGFR with EGFat low pH and Ls considered to be an inactive form of the receptor.However, superimposition of domain I of the two complexes leads tocenters of domain III of the two complexes being separated by ˜25 Å,showing once again the remarkable flexibility of EGFR. The Adnectinbound to EGFR domain I (FIG. 13A) overlapping the binding site of EGF onEGFR domain I in either its active (1IVO) or inactive (1NQL) forms and,therefore, sterically hindered EGF binding (FIG. 13D, 17D). This site isa radically different site from antibodies that bind to EGFR on domainIII. Cetuximab (1YY9) and necitumumab (3B2V) bind to essentially thesame site (FIG. 13A), but are oriented differently, and matuzamab (3C09)binds to a distinct site on domain III (Li et al., 2005, Cancer Cell 7,301-311; Li et al., 2008, Structure 16, 216-227; Schmiedel et al., 2008,Cancer Cell 13, 365-373).

Adnectin 1 described herein had an insertion of 5 residues in the FGloop. To retain a consistent numbering scheme, residues inserted in theFG loop were given insertion letters (FIG. 15A) analogous to thatdevised for immunoglobulins by Kabat et al., 1991 (Sequences of Proteinsof Immunological Interest, 5^(th) ed. (Bethesda: National Institutes ofHealth)), and similar to that used by Gilbreth et al., 2008 (J. Mol.Biol. 381, 407-418) for the BC loop.

Specific Interactions of Adnectin 1 with EGFR.

The interaction between Adnectin 1 and EGFR domain I resulted in ˜520 Å²on the Adnectin and ˜590 Å² on EGFR domain I that were buried by theinteraction (FIG. 13C, 17C). The size of these interacting surfaces wastowards the smaller end typical of antibody/protein antigen interfaces(Sheriff, 1993, Immunomethods 3, 191-196). They were also smaller thanthose seen for other ¹⁰Fn3-based variants (Table 3; Gilbreth et al.,2008, J. Mol. Biol. 381, 407-418; Gilbreth et al., 2011, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci., USA 108, 7751-7756; Huang et al., 2009, J. Mol. Biol. 3921221-1231; Wojcik et al., 2010, Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 519-527),but affinities for Adnectin 1 and the antibodies surveyed were of thesame order of magnitude. The relatively small size of the interactionwas due to the convex surface on EGFR consisting of loops connecting thetwo β-sheets at one edge of a β-sandwich domain interacting with theconvex surface of the Adnectin (FIG. 13C). Nevertheless, the Scstatistic (Lawrence & Colman, 1993, J. Mol. Biol. 234, 946-950), whichis a measure of the complementarity of the binding surfaces, for thiscomplex was 0.71, falling towards the lower end of the range ofprotease/protease inhibitors (0.71-0.76) and oligomeric interfaces(0.70-0.74) and above the range observed for antibody/antigen complexes(0.66-0.68) (Lawrence & Colman, 1993, supra) and slightly above the meanof ¹⁰Fn3-based domain/protein complexes (Table 3). This suggests thatalthough the surface of interaction was relatively small for theAdnectin 1/EGFR complex, it was a more complementary fit than seen withantibodies and their antigens.

The principal interactions of the Adnectin occurred through the FG loop(˜175 Å² of buried surface), the D strand (˜175 Å²), the DE loop (˜70Å²), the C strand (˜50 Å²), and the BC loop (˜40 Å²) (FIG. 13C, 17C).The residues from the Adnectin with van der Waals (VDW) radii dependentcontact (Sheriff, 1993; Sheriff et al., 1987a) to EGFR were: BC loop:Gln30; C strand: Tyr31; D strand: Glu47, Phe48, Thr49, Val50, Pro51; DEloop: Val54; FG loop: Asp77, His78, Lys79, Ala79C, His81 (FIGS. 13B, C,E, 17C, 18D, 18E). One feature of this interface was that the extensiveinteractions between the wildtype backbone sequence of the D strand inthe Adnectin and the EGFR—it contributed as much surface area and asmany residues as did the diversified FG loop interaction. Aromaticresidues (His, Phe, Tyr) contributed ¼ of the surface area (˜120 Å²) ofthe overall Adnectin interaction surface, but only one tyrosine (31) wasinvolved, which was part of the Adnectin scaffold and whose side chainlay parallel to the rather flat EGFR surface. The N-terminus and most ofthe BC and DE loops were on the distal side of the Adnectin from theEGFR and were thus not involved in the interaction. A β-sheet likeinteraction occurred between Adnectin 1 and the N-terminal region ofEGFR, which displayed 3 N . . . O═C hydrogen bonds and one side-chain toside-chain hydrogen bond (FIG. 13E).

Alanine-Scanning Mutagenesis of EGFR/Adnectin 1.

Single-site alanine mutants (Wells, 1991, Methods Enzymol. 202, 390-411)were made for 30 of the 101 residues of the Adnectin. All residues inthe BC, DE, and FG loops that were diversified as part of the selectionprocess were included as well as any other residue that was in contact(see above) with EGFR (Table 4, Table 8). Mutation of the followingresidues led to significantly diminished binding: Tyr 29, Gin 30, Tyr31, Gly 52, Val 54, Asp 77, Lys 79, His 81, and Tyr 83. Surprisingly,Tyr 29, Gly 52, and Tyr 83 do not directly interact with EGFR. These maybe explained on the basis of structural interactions within theAdnectin. Tyr29 side chain packed in the interior of the BC loop andagainst the F strand and mutation to Ala may be expected to disrupt theBC loop. Since Gly52 was part of a Pro-Gly-Pro turn, changing Gly to Alamight have disrupted this structural element. Tyr83 side chain formed anedge-to-face interaction with His81 side chain and a hydrogen bond withGlu85 side chain. His81 side chain in turn interacted with EGFR Thr15.The diminished activity resulted from the mutation Tyr83→Ala may be dueto its helping maintain the position of His81.

Prior to the alanine-scanning mutagenesis, the energetics of theinteraction was calculated on a per residue basis. These calculationscorrectly identified Gin 30, Tyr 31, and Asp 77 as important to theinteraction, but also identified Pro 51 as being important, althoughmutation to Ala did not affect binding (Table 4, Table 8). The remainingresidues that interacted with EGFR and were identified by alaninescanning, Val 54, Lys 79, and His 81, all showed changes in the correctdirection (Table 4), but the magnitude of the change did not reach thethreshold considered significant (3 kcal/mol).

Mutagenesis of Contact Residues of EGFR/Adnectin 1.

Six residues, Tyr31, Glu47, Thr49, Pro51, Thr58, and Ala79C, weretargeted for additional mutation studies based upon interaction energypredictions calculated from models to explore the possibility thatmutations might increase the binding affinity of Adnectin 1. Mostmutations, which were typically attempts to create either hydrogen-bondor charged interactions, did not substantially change the affinitycompared to the parent (Table 5, Table 9). However, the three mutationsto residue 49 to increase the van der Waals interactions by converting aThr to a Val, lie, or Tyr, increased the affinity of the Adnectin8-to-40 fold (Table 5, Table 9). Since the side chain of Thr49 was notin contact with EGFR, mutation to a larger side chain (lie, Tyr) mayhave created additional hydrophobic contacts with residues from EGFRlocated in the surface depression next to Thr 49 (FIG. 13C). In the caseof Thr49→Val, the substitution of a methyl for the hydroxyl which waspointing towards a hydrophobic environment, may account for theincreased affinity.

Tyr 31 was mutated to Ser, Leu, and Phe to see whether the predictionthat small residues (Scr) would lead to a decrease in affinity, butlarger residues such as Leu and Phe, which potentially maintained VDWinteractions might have a favorable effect on binding. Phe and,surprisingly, Ser had little effect, but Leu, led to much weaker bindingdespite modeling and energetics calculations that suggested it would bevery similar to the parent.

Glu 47 side chain was not involved in interactions with EGFR, butmodeling showed it to be close enough that a mutation to Arg or Lyswould potentially form a salt bridge with EGFR Glu 90. Althoughenergetics calculations suggested that this salt bridge would befavorable, experimentally neither materially affected the binding, nordid a mutation to Asp, which changed the relative position of thecharge.

Pro 51 was the first residue of the DE-loop and was within VDW contactof EGFR Leu 69 side chain and the main chain carbonyl oxygen atoms ofEGFR Ser 99 and Tyr 101. Modeling showed that Leu potentially improvedVDW contacts or that Thr formed a hydrogen bond. Leu at position 51 wasnot significantly different than the parent, but Thr led to weakbinding, maybe because the Pro 51-Gly 52-Pro 53 structure at thebeginning of the DE-loop was disrupted.

Thr 49 side chain had no significant contacts with EGFR, but modelingsuggested mutation to lie, Val, or Tyr may allow those residues tomaintain the backbone hydrogen bond and pick up additional packinginteractions with EGFR residues Leu 14 and Leu 69 that form ahydrophobic surface patch. Of the three mutations Tyr was predicted tobe energetically favorable compared to the parent, while Val and Ilewere predicted to be similar to the parent. Nevertheless, mutation ofThr 49 to Val or He showed a 12 and 37-fold, respectively, increase inbinding affinity while mutation to tyrosine produced an 8-fold increasein binding affinity.

Thr 58 was not in contact with EGFR in the crystal structure, butmodeling suggested that replacement with an acidic residue might lead toa salt bridge with Lys 105 although the NZ atom was not placed incrystallographic model due to inadequate electron density. Despite theprediction of large favorable changes in interaction energy, none of thethree substitutions (Glu, Gin, or Asp) led to any significant change inactivity. However, the substitutions at this position resulted inenhanced solubility of the protein, as described herein (see Example 1).

Ala 79C was marginally in contact with EGFR, but modeling showed that alonger residue might lead to additional interactions and energeticscalculations suggested considerable increase in binding affinity forfive mutations (Arg, Asn, Glu, Leu, and Tyr). Nevertheless all fivemutations showed a slight, but insignificant, diminution of activity.

Overview of the Structure of the IL-23/Adnectin 2 Complex.

IL-23 is a two subunit protein consisting of a p40 subunit that isshared with IL-12 and a p19 subunit that is distinct from the p35subunit of IL-12. The p40 subunit consists of three Ig-like 7 strandedβ-sheet domains, while the p19 consists of a 4-helix bundle. Adnectin 2bound at the junction of the p40 and p19 subunits making considerableinteractions with both subunits including domains 2 and 3 of the p40subunit (FIGS. 14A, C, D, E, 18C, and 18E). Despite the interactionswith p40, Adnectin 2 did not inhibit IL-12 binding or signaling (datanot shown). Moreover, although the diversified loops were towards thecenter of the interface, interactions extended along the β-strands awayfrom the diversified loops and included the CD loop on the opposite endof the molecule. This concave site is likely inaccessible to Fvs whichare much larger, consisting of two domains from separate subunits andsix hypervariable loops. In fact, the Adnectin binding site wasdramatically different from that of the one known antibody complex forIL-23 (PDB 3D85), which binds only to the p 19 subunit (Beyer et al.,2008, J. Mol. Biol. 382, 942-955) (FIG. 14A).

Specific Interactions of Adnectin 2 with IL-23.

The interaction between Adnectin 2 and IL-23 was quite large, burying1320 Å² on the Adnectin surface and ˜1370 Å² on the IL-23 surface (FIGS.14C, 18C). This amount of buried surface area was larger than mostantibody/antigen interactions and, may reflect the concave nature of thebinding site on IL-23. The buried surface was also much larger than forany other ¹⁰Fn3-based domain complex (Table 3). Despite the largeinteracting surface, the affinity of Adnectin 2 for IL-23 was the sameorder of magnitude as the antibodies for their protein antigens. The Scstatistic for this complex was 0.73, which suggested that it was morecomplementary than the antibody/antigen complexes surveyed by Lawrence &Colman, 1993 (J. Mol. Biol. 234, 946-950) and second largest of the¹⁰Fn3-based domain/protein complexes (Table 3).

The principal interactions occurred through the FG (˜610 Å²) and BC(˜380 Å²) loops, but most segments of secondary structure had at leastsome surface area buried by the interaction (FIGS. 14C, 18C). Thefollowing residues from the Adnectin are found to contact IL-23:N-terminal region: Pro5, Arg6, Asp7, BC loop: Glu23, His24, Asp25,Tyr26, Pro27, Tyr28, Arg30, C strand: Tyr31, Arg33; CD loop: Gly40,Asn42, Val45; F strand: Tyr73, Val75; FG loop: Thr76, Ser77, Ser78,Tyr79, Lys80, Tyr81, Asp82, Met83, Gln84, Tyr85, Pro87 (FIGS. 14B-E,18C-E). Four points stood out from this list. First, the number ofinteracting residues was large and they came from many of the β-strandsand loops. Second, no contacts occurred between the diversified DE loopand IL-23. Third, a large number (7) of tyrosine residues were involvedin the interaction. The frequent occurrence of tyrosine has beenobserved for antibodies, VH fragments, and ¹⁰Fn3-based variantsinteracting with antigens (Padlan, 1990, Proteins 7, 112-124; Mian etal., 1991, J. Mol. Biol. 217, 133-151; Kossiakoff & Koide, 2008, Curr.Opin. Struct. Biol. 18, 499-506; Koide & Sidhu, 2009, ACS Chem. Biol. 4,325-334), and is presumably due to the relatively low loss of entropydue to relatively few dihedral angles that become immobilized comparedto large surface area that tyrosine residues are able to contribute,which amounts to a total of ˜450 Å² in this case. Moreover, several ofthese tyrosines (20, 79, 81, 85) appeared to fit into crevices in theIL-23 surface (FIGS. 14D-E). Fourth, a large number (11) ofnon-diversified residues were involved in direct interactions withIL-23. Residues in this fourth category included 2 of the 7 Tyr residuesand residues at the N-terminus. Although electron density wasinterpretable for only part of the N-terminus, it was clear that theN-terminus did not point in the direction of the BC, DE, and FG loops asit did in the wildtype ¹⁰Fn3, but rather reversed direction and pointedtowards the opposite end of the molecule.

Mutagenesis of Contact Residues of IL-23/Adnectin 2.

Four amino acids, Tyr28, Tyr73, Tyr81 and Pro87 were mutated to alanineto demonstrate that energetically important residues could be predicted.This proved to be the case for Tyr28, Tyr81, and Pro87 but not forTyr73, which had little effect when mutated to alanine (Table 6). Tyr28was located in the center of the BC loop and forms significant contactswith amino acids that were at the terminus of the IL-23 p 19 domainA-helix, e.g. edge-to-face interactions with Trp26 and His29. Similarly,Tyr81 which was located in the center of the FG loop had significantcontacts with the IL-23 p40 subunit, e.g. Ser204. Pro87, which waslocated at the C-terminus of the FG loop, may be required for retainingthe FG loop conformation and contacted residues Gly 100 and Pro 101 fromthe IL-23 p40 subunit. Although Tyr73 was predicted to contribute ˜6kcal (Table 10) to the interaction, this was less than half thatpredicted for Tyr28 (˜16 kcal) and Tyr81 (˜13 kcal) (Table 10). In theminimized structure the Tyr73 side chain formed a hydrogen bond withIL-23 p40 subunit Lys99 carbonyl oxygen, but the Tyr73→Ala mutant showedthat it was not a key energetic residue.

Interactions of Mutated Contact Residues in the IL-23/Adnectin 2Complex

Some mutations were made in an attempt to improve the affinity byspecific interactions in the IL-23/Adnectin 2 complex. Four positions inATI-000929, Thr 35, Val 45, Tyr 73, and Val 75, that were all on thesame face of the β-sandwich fold (β-strands C, D, F, and G) of theAdnectin, were selected for mutagenesis in an attempt to improve theaffinity through interactions with the p40 subunit (Table 6). Thr 35 andVal 45 were near each other and were mutated in an attempt to create aninteraction with IL-23 p40 subunit Lys 99. At each position the samefour mutations (asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid)were made individually, in hopes of forming electrostatic interactionswith Lys 99. The acidic residues were especially favored by modeling.However, no improvement in binding was seen at either position. The Thr35→Asp mutant showed a significant decrease in binding. This may be dueto unfavorable interactions that Asp 35 might have with the Adnectin Glu49. Val 75 was mutated in an attempt to form a hydrogen bond with IL-23p40 subunit Pro 101 carbonyl oxygen. No mutation of this residue alteredbinding. Tyr 73, as noted above, contacts IL-23 p40 subunit residues99-101 as well as forming a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl oxygen ofLys 99. Modeling of Tyr 73 suggested that an arginine mutant could forman additional hydrogen bond with Glu 100 and increased contacts withIL-23 p40 subunit residues 99-101. Three mutations at this position hadno effect, but Tyr 73→Gln led to a modest, 4-fold, increase in activity.

Comparison of the Structures of Adnectin 1 and Adnectin 2 with ¹⁰Fn3.

Structural comparisons showed that the wildtype molecule (¹⁰Fn3; 1FNFresidues 1416-1509) has a very similar topology to that of Adnectin 1and Adnectin 2 when bound to their target molecules (FIGS. 14 and 19),including an excellent overlay of the core β-sheet and two of the threeloops (AB and DE) distal from those which were diversified for selection(FIGS. 14A and 19A). The BC and DE loops of Adnectin 1 and Adnectin 2were identical in length to the wildtype. In these structures the shortDE loop showed minimal variation, while the BC loop showed morevariation when compared to the ¹⁰Fn3 structure. Lys52 side chain in theDE loop of Adnectin 2 was close enough to the BC loop that it may beinvolved in stabilizing the displaced position of that loop compared towildtype ¹⁰Fn3. The largest variations were in the FG loop, where, inthe 1FNF crystal structure, the native RGD motif was involved in acrystal contact and that contact was likely responsible for itsorientation in that structure. The FG loop of Adnectin 1 was 5 residueslonger than that of either ¹⁰Fn3 or Adnectin 2 and the F and G strandswere extended. However, those residues involved in the extendedβ-strands were shown as tubes rather than arrows in FIG. 15 to emphasizethe diversified residues. In Adnectin 2 the FG loop adopted yet adifferent conformation when bound to IL-23. Finally, the N-terminus wasflexible in Adnectins. In ¹⁰Fn3, the position is dictated by the link to⁹Fn3. In Adnectin 1 the N-terminus had a relatively similar conformationsince it did not interact with EGFR. On the other hand, the N-terminusof Adnectin 2 was folded away compared to the other two N-termini maybeto avoid collision with IL-23. Thus, these structures show that Adnectinloops may adopt conformations distinct from wildtype depending upon theprotein/protein interaction.

Crystallographic Data.

Space group, unit cell parameters and data collection statistics forboth complexes are listed in Table 7. Initial electron density for thediversified loops, which were excluded from the molecular replacementmodel, is shown for the final model for both complexes in FIG. 16.

TABLE 3 Comparison of Buried Surface Area, Contacts, and SurfaceComplementarity for ¹⁰Fn3-based Domain Complexes Target Protein¹⁰Fn3-based Domain Type of Contacts PDB ID Protein Pair Area, Å² # res #atom Area, Å² # res # atom # H-bond # Salt Links # VDW Sc 2OCF ERα 90022 47 870 17 51 6 2 77 0.66 3CSB MBP 650 16 59 600 14 51 7 0 121 0.703CSG MBP 750 15 56 680 15 53 11 1 125 0.64 3K2M SH2 AD 570 16 47 580 1048 11 2 105 0.72 BC 570 13 48 530 12 49 11 3 109 0.76 3QHT ySUMO AC 60013 48 560 12 43 8 0 87 0.71 BD 610 12 46 570 13 35 9 0 74 0.67 3QWQ EGFR585 14 39 520 13 41 8 0 75 0.71 3QWR IL-23 1370 38 97 1320 29 99 16 4197 0.73 Proteins: ERα—estrogen receptor α; MBP—maltose binding protein;SH2—Src homology 2 from Abelson kinase; ySUMO—yeast smallubiquitin-related modifier Pairs: In cases of multiple complexes perasymmetric unit all are tabulated. The letters indicates chain names inthe pairs. Area: calculated by the method of Connolly, 1983 and roundedto the nearest 10 Å². # res, # atom: Number of residues and number ofatoms in contact as calculated by the method of Sheriff et al., 1987a;Sheriff, 1993. # H-bond, # Salt Links, # VDW: Number of atom pairwisehydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions as calculated by themethod of Sheriff et al., 1987a; Sheriff, 1993. Number of salt links istabulated on a per residue basis. Sc: Surface complementarity calculatedby the method of Lawrence & Colman, 1993

TABLE 4 EGFR Alanine Scan Secondary Activity pEGFR IC₅₀ ΔInteractionStructural K_(D), (parent/ (parent/ Energy, Mutation Element nM mutant)mutant) kcal/mol Parent 1.8 1 1  0 D23→A BC loop 2.4 0.7 0.3 0 S24→A BCloop 1.3 1.4 0.7 0 G25→A BC loop 2.0 0.9 0.3 0 R26→A BC loop 2.0 0.9 0.80 G27→A BC loop 1.1 1.6 1.4 0 S28→A BC loop 1.5 1.2 0.5 0 Y29→A BC loop14 0.1  0.02 0 Q30→A BC loop >50 <0.04 N.T. 3 Y31→A C strand N.D. N.T. 5F48→A D strand 3.9 0.5 0.1 1 T49→A D strand 1.5 1.2 0.1 −1  V50→A Dstrand 3.4 0.5 0.1 1 P51→A D strand 1.8 1 N.T. 3 G52→A DE loop 14 0.1 0.04 0 P53→A DE loop 2.8 0.6 0.3 1 V54→A DE loop 17 0.1  0.03 2 H55→ADE loop 3.0 0.6 0.6 0 D77→A FG loop N.D. N.D. 6 H78→A FG loop 5.5 0.30.1 2 K79→A FG loop 17 0.1 0.0 1 P79A→A FG loop 4.0 0.4 0.1 0 H79B→A FGloop 3.9 0.5 0.1 0 H79D→A FG loop 2.8 0.6 0.2 1 G79E→A FG loop 4.4 0.40.1 0 P80→A FG loop 4.2 0.4 0.1 0 H81→A FG loop 10 0.2 0.0 1 T82→A FGloop 6.1 0.3 0.1 0 Y83→A FG loop N.D. N.D. 0 H84→A FG loop 2.1 0.8 0.4 0E85→A FG loop 4.9 0.4  0.05 0 N.D. not detected; N.T. not tested. pEGFRIC₅₀ is the inhibitory concentration at which phosphorylation of EGFR isinhibited 50%. In the ΔInteraction Energy column bold numbers indicatewhat are expected to be significant losses of interaction energy. Seealso Table 8.

TABLE 5 EGFR Mutants that Attempt to Improve Binding Secondary ActivitypEGFR IC₅₀ ΔInteraction Structural K_(D), (parent/ (parent/ Energy,Mutation Element nM mutant) mutant) kcal/mol Parent 1.8 1 1  Y31→F BCloop 2.0 0.9 N.T.  2 Y31→S BC loop 0.70 2.5 N.T.  5 Y31→L BC loop N.D.N.D.  2 E47→R D strand 0.83 2.1 N.T. −4 E47→K D strand 0.9 2.0 N.T. −6E47→D D strand 0.78 2.3 N.T.  0 T49→I D strand 0.05 37 4.2  0 T49→V Dstrand 0.14 12 3.1 −1 T49→Y D strand 0.21 8.4 1.0 −3 P51→T D strand N.D.N.T. −1 P51→L D strand 1.5 1.2 N.T. −1 T58→Q E strand 2.2 0.8 0.3  0T58→E E strand 1.3 1.3 0.7 −9 T58→D E strand 1.1 1.7 1.4 −7 A79C→L FGloop 4.0 0.4 N.T. −3 A79C→N FG loop 2.3 0.8 N.T. −4 A79C→Y FG loop 3.20.5 N.T. −8 A79C→R FG loop 4.3 0.4 N.T. −11  A79C→E FG loop 2.7 0.7 N.T.−8 N.D. not detected; N.T. not tested. pEGFR IC50 is the inhibitoryconcentration at which phosphorylation of EGFR is inhibited 50%. In theΔInteraction Energy column bold numbers indicate what are expected to besignificant losses of interaction energy, and underline indicates whatare expected to significant gains of interaction energy. See also Table9.

TABLE 6 IL-23 IC₅₀ Secondary ΔInteraction Structural Activity Energy,Mutation Element IC₅₀, nM (parent/mutant) kcal/mol Parent 1.0 1 Y28→A BCloop 13 0.08 10  Y73→A F strand 0.65 1.5 5 Y81→A FG loop 35 0.03 7 P87→AFG loop 8.3 0.1 2 T35→N C strand 1.7 0.6 0 T35→Q C strand 1.0 1 −2 T35→E C strand 0.6 1.7 −6  T35→D C strand 49 0.02 −7  V45→N D strand0.54 1.8 1 V45→Q D strand 0.34 2.9 0 V45→E D strand 0.51 1.9 −6  V45→D Dstrand 0.83 1.2 −6  Y73→N F strand 1.2 0.8 2 Y73→Q F strand 0.26 3.8 3Y73→R F strand 1.2 0.8 −2  V75→Y F strand 2.2 0.4 −1  V75→Q F strand 2.30.4 0 V75→K F strand 5.7 0.2 −1  In the ΔInteraction Energy column boldnumbers indicate what are expected to be significant losses ofinteraction energy, and underline indicates what are expected tosignificant gains of interaction energy. See also Table 10.

TABLE 7 Data collection and refinement statistics EGFR/Adnectin 1IL-23/Adnectin 2 Data collection Space group P2₁2₁2₁ I2₁2₁2₁ Celldimensions a, b, c (Å) 68.0, 72.1, 262.0 77.7 Å, 91.7, 225.8 α, β, γ (°)90, 90, 90 90, 90, 90 Resolution (Å)  50-2.75 (2.85-2.75) 42.47-3.25(3.37-3.25)  R_(sym) 0.069 (0.552) 0.096 (0.320) I/σI 23.1 (3.1)  7.6(3.2) Completeness (%)  99.6 (100.0) 98.0 (99.5) Redundancy 4.8 (5.0)4.0 (3.9) Refinement Resolution (Å) 49.47-2.75 42.48-3.25 No.reflections 34,224 12,815 R_(work)/R_(free) 0.202/0.246 0.234/0.264 No.atoms 5610 4040 B-factors 65 101 Protein 63 101 Carbohydrate 100 115Water 43 68 R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å) 0.010 0.010 Bond angles(°) 1.4 1.4 Ramachandran Plot Statistics^(a) Most favored (%) 84.5 85.8Additional allowed 13.7 11.3 (%) Disallowed (%) 0.8 1.1 One crystal wasused for each complex. ^(a)As defined by Laskowski et al., 1993.

TABLE 8 Energetic calculations for alanine scan of EGFR/Adnectin fcomplex (summarized in Table 4). Mutant Wild Type Mutation I.E. VDW ELE% B ΔG I.E. VDW ELE % B ΔG D23→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S24→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 G25→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R26→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G27→A 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 S28→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y29→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q30→A−2.9 −2.6 −0.3 70 0.2 −6.1 −4.9 −1.2 75 −2.4 Y31→A −3.7 −3.8 0.1 65 −0.8−6.1 −6 −0.1 78 −1.3 F48→A −1 −1.2 0.2 36 0.6 −1.9 −2.2 0.3 55 −0.5T49→A −4 −0.9 −3.1 50 −2.7 −5.2 −2.2 −2.9 70 −3.2 V50→A −2 −1.9 −0.1 430 −3.1 −3 −0.1 99 −0.7 P51→A −7.5 −6.1 −1.5 86 −1.5 −6.1 −5.8 −0.3 920.5 G52→A −0.4 −0.3 −0.1 0 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 −1.8 P53→A −0.7 −0.6−0.1 6 −0.7 −1.2 −1.1 −0.1 14 0 V54→A −1.3 −1.6 0.3 60 −1.3 −3.3 −3.50.2 95 0.3 H55→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D77→A −4.7 −3.3 −1.3 87 −1.3 −10.3−3.8 −6.5 96 −7.2 H78→A −4 −4.2 0.2 63 0.9 −6 −6.3 0.3 53 0.1 K79→A −1.2−0.7 −0.5 93 0 −2.1 −2.4 0.3 28 −1.7 P79A→A −2.5 −2.6 0.1 27 0.6 −2.4−2.7 0.3 27 0.6 H79B→A −1.8 −1.8 15 0.2 −1.9 −2.2 0.3 7 −0.7 H79D→A 0 00 0 0 −1.3 −0.1 −1.2 0 −2.4 G79E→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P80→A 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 H81→A 0 0 0 0 0 −1.5 −1.6 0.1 19 −0.8 T82→A 0 0 0 0 0 −0.1 −0.10 −1.2 Y83→A 0 0 0 0 0 −0.1 −0.1 0 0 −1.8 H84→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0E85→A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 *Columns: I.E. = Interaction energy; VDW = Vander Waals interactions; ELE = electrostatic interactions; % B = % buriedsurface

TABLE 9 Energetic calculations for mutations to certain contact residuesof EGFR/Adnectin 1 complex (Summarized in Table 5). Mutant Wild TypeMutation I.E. VDW ELE % B ΔG I.E. VDW ELE % B ΔG Y31→F −3.7 −3.8 0.1 65−0.8 −6.1 −6 −0.1 78 −1.3 Y31→S −1.5 −1.6 0.1 93 −0.9 Y31→L −3.9 −4 0.187 −0.4 E47→R −5.2 −1.7 −3.5 55 −4.3 −1 −0.5 −0.5 8 −2.2 E47→K −6.7 −1.3−5.4 27 −7 E47→D −0.8 −0.4 −0.4 17 −1.6 T49→I −5.3 −3.3 −2 67 −2.5 −5.2−2.2 −2.9 70 −3.2 T49→V −4.3 −2.3 −2 60 −2.2 T49→Y −5.3 −3.3 −2 67 −2.5P51→T −5.3 −3.3 −2 67 −2.5 −6.1 −5.8 −0.3 92 0.5 P51→A −4.3 −2.3 −2 60−2.2 P51→L −6.6 −6.2 −0.4 86 −0.6 T58→Q −0.2 −0.1 −0.1 1 −1.9 −0.6 −0.2−0.4 2 −1.6 T58→E −9.7 −1.1 −8.6 38 −9.8 T58→D −7.9 −0.8 −7.1 32 −7.7A79C→L −3.7 −3.6 −0.1 66 −0.1 −1.1 −1.1 0 63 1 A79C→N −5 −3.2 −1.8 50−1.5 A79C→Y −9.7 −8.8 −0.9 77 −1.3 A79C→R −12.3 −7.6 −4.7 81 −2.5 A79C→E−9.2 −6.7 −2.5 77 −1.4 *Columns: I.E. = Interaction energy; VDW = Vander Waals interactions; ELE = electrostatic interactions; % B = % buriedsurface

TABLE 10 Energetic calculations for contact residues of Adnectin 2/IL-23complex (Summarized in Table 6). Mutant Wild Type Mutation I.E. VDW ELE% B ΔG I.E. VDW ELE % B ΔG Y28→A Y73→A Y81→A P87→A T35→N 0 0 0 11 −1−0.8 −0.6 −0.2 25 −0.5 T35→Q −3.2 −1.8 −1.4 77 −2.7 T35→E −6.4 −1 −5.461 −6.7 T35→D −7.5 −0.5 −7 78 −8 V45→N −0.2 −0.3 0.1 5 −1.1 −0.8 −0.6−0.2 25 −0.5 V45→Q −0.4 −0.3 −0.1 7 −1.9 V45→E −7 −0.9 −6.1 42 −7.3V45→D −6.9 −0.5 −6.4 42 −6.9 Y73→N −3.9 −1.3 −2.6 76 −3.4 −5.6 −2.5 −3.184 −3.8 Y73→Q −2.8 −0.6 −2.2 60 −3.4 Y73→R −7.6 −4.7 −2.9 75 −4.1 V75→Y−1.3 −1.1 −0.2 20 −1.8 −0.7 −0.7 0 28 −0.6 V75→Q −1.1 −0.7 −0.4 24 −2.1V75→K −1.4 −1.5 0.1 32 −1.7 *Columns: I.E. = Interaction energy VDW =van der Waals interactions; ELE = electrostatic interactions; % B = %buried surface

Example 3: Solubility of Adnectin Mutants Experimental Procedures:

EGFR #8 (SEQ ID NO:67), EGFR #8-T58E (SEQ ID NO:69), EGFR #8-T58D (SEQID NO:70), EGFR #4 (SEQ ID NO:68) and EGFR #4-T58E (SEQ ID NO:71)Adnectins were expressed and purified as described above in Examples 1and 2. All proteins were dialyzed into 10 mM NaPO4, 130 mM NaCl (PBS) pH7.1, and samples were confirmed to be >97% monomeric using analyticalsize exclusion chromatography on a Zenix-C SEC-300 column in buffercontaining 200 mM K2HPO4, 150 mM NaCl, 10 pH 6.8, plus 0.02% Na azide,running at 0.35 mL/min.

Analysis of the thermal stability of EGFR #8, EGFR #8-T58E, EGFR#8-T58D, EGFR #4 and EGFR #4-T58E was conducted by differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC) using a MicroCal Capillary DSC instrument. Tostabilize the DSC instrument baseline and obtain a consistent thermalhistory, multiple scans of PBS pH 7.1 buffer alone in both the sampleand reference cell were recorded prior to sample analysis. Sample scanscontained 1.0 mg/ml Adnectin in the sample cell and matched PBS pH 7.1buffer in the reference cell. All scans were run from 10-100° C. at ascan rate of 60°/hr using a 15 minute pre-cycle thermostat period and nopost-cycle thermostat period. Data were analyzed using MicroCal Originanalysis software.

Ammonium sulfate solubility experiments for the EGFR #4 Adnectins wereperformed using the automated assay method described in Example 1.Ammonium sulfate solubility experiments for the EGFR #8 proteins wereperformed using the benchscale method described in Example 1 whichenabled titration to higher ammonium sulfate concentrations than theautomated method.

Small scale ultrafiltration experiments for EGFR #8, EGFR #8-T58E andEGFR #8-T58D were performed by slowly concentrating the Adnectins at2-8° C. in VivaSpin 3000 MWCO concentrators with periodic mixing toavoid gradient formation. Volumes were visually monitored during theconcentration process to enable estimation of the expected sampleconcentration based on volume reduction, and aliquots were removed atvarious points for analysis. These aliquots were incubated overnight at2-8° C., and any insoluble material was removed by centrifugation priorto determination of soluble protein concentration by A₂₈₀, andoligomeric state by SEC using a Zenix-C SEC-300 column in buffercontaining 200 mM K2HPO4, 150 mM NaCl, pH 6.8, plus 0.02% Na azide,running at 0.35 mL/min.

Initial small scale ultrafiltration experiments using EGFR #4 and EGFR#4-T58E performed at 2-8° C. were hindered by very slow rates of volumereduction. Therefore, EGFR #4 and EGFR #4-T58E were instead concentratednear room temperature (21° C.), where a faster rate of volume reductionwas observed. Volumes were visually monitored during the concentrationprocess to enable estimation of the expected sample concentration basedon volume reduction, and aliquots were removed at various points foranalysis. To follow up on the temperature dependent ultrafiltration rateobservations, each aliquot was divided into two sister aliquots, withone set incubated overnight at 2-8° C. and the other set incubatedovernight at room temperature. The following morning, insoluble materialwas removed by centrifugation and then the soluble protein concentrationwas determined by A₂₈₀, and the oligomeric state characterized by SECusing a Zenix-C SEC-300 column in buffer containing 200 mM K2HPO4, 150mM NaCl, pH 6.8, plus 0.02% Na azide, running at 0.35 mL/min.

Accelerated stability studies for EGFR #8, EGFR #8-T58E and EGFR #8-T58Dwere conducted by incubating 46 mg/ml samples of each Adnectin at 40° C.for two weeks. Aliquots were removed at time zero (immediately beforeinitiation of the 40° C. incubation), and at time 1 week and 2 weeks.Aliquots were centrifuged to remove and insoluble material and then thesoluble protein concentration was determined by A₂₈₀, and the oligomericstate characterized by SEC using a Zenix-C SEC-300 column in buffercontaining 200 mM K2HPO4, 150 mM NaCl, pH 6.8, plus 0.02% Na azide,running at 0.35 mL/min.

Results:

The initial ammonium sulfate solubility experiments with EGFR #8 (FIGS.10 and 11) suggested that the T58E and T58D mutations improve thesolubility of the EGFR #8 Adnectin. To further characterize the effectof these mutations, wild type EGFR #8 as well as EGFR #8-T58E and EGFR#8-T58D mutants were expressed and purified at larger scale to generateenough material for more detailed biophysical studies. The purifiedproteins were of suitable purity for biophysical studies, with more than98% monomer for each sample as measured by SEC (FIG. 20A). The overallthermal stability for wild type EGFR #8 and EGFR #8-T58E were alsosimilar, with the melting curve for EGFR #8 consisting of a broadthermal transition with T_(onset) near 50° C. and T_(m) of 74.0° C., andEGFR #8-T58E having a more symmetrical Gaussian-shaped melting profilewith T_(onset) near 50° C. and T_(m) of 71.7° C. (FIG. 20B-D). However,the thermal stability of EGFR #8-T58D was considerably lower, withT_(onset) near 43° C. and T_(m) of 64.4° C. (FIGS. 20B and 20E),suggesting that the T58→D mutation may cause a conformational change inthe Adnectin that reduces the protein's stability.

The impact of the T58E and T58D mutations on the aggregation of EGFR #8was next investigated using the ammonium sulfate solubility assay.Ammonium sulfate salting out curves generated using the larger scalepreparations of purified Adnectin material confirmed that the solubilityin ammonium sulfate was increased for each mutant compared to the wildtype protein of EGFR #8 (FIG. 21).

As an orthogonal measure of aggregation propensity to the AS method, weperformed small scale ultrafiltration experiments using EGFR #8, EGFR#8-T58E and EGFR #8-T58D as described above. Each of the three Adnectinswere found to have high solubility (>100 mg/ml) (FIG. 22A). The goodagreement between observed [protein] and expected [protein] for bothEGFR #8 and EGFR #8-T58E suggests that the solubility limit for each ofthese molecules is greater than the concentrations achieved in thisexperiment. The observed concentrations for EGFR #8-T58D also trackedwell with the expected concentrations except for the final (mostconcentrated) aliquot for which the measured concentration (112 mg/ml)was lower than the expected concentration (˜150±25 mg/ml). The lowerrecovery for EGFR #8-T58D at elevated concentration suggests that thisprotein may have higher aggregation propensity than EGFR #8 and EGFR#8-T58E under these conditions, while the aggregation propensity of EGFR#8-T58E is indistinguishable from the wild type EGFR #8 Adnectin. SECdata showed similar small increases in soluble HMW for each protein as afunction of protein concentration, with each protein remaining >97%monomeric (<3% HMW) even at concentrations greater than 100 mg/ml (FIG.22B).

Because solubility differences between wild type EGFR #8 and EGFR#8-T58E were difficult to resolve in the ultrafiltration studies due tothe high solubility of each molecule, we attempted to differentiate theaggregation propensity of the Adnectins using accelerated stabilitystudies. Here, “time zero” (t0) samples of 46 mg/ml EGFR #8, EGFR#8-T58E and EGFR #8-T58D were prepared in PBS pH 7.1, and confirmed tobe >98% monomer by SEC (FIG. 23C). The samples were then incubated at40° C. for 2 weeks, and at time 1 week (1 w) and 2 weeks (2w) insolublematerial was removed by centrifugation and the soluble fraction wasanalyzed by A₂₈₀ and SEC to determine protein concentration andoligomeric state. These data showed that the concentration of wild typeEGFR #8 decreased by ˜60% to ˜19 mg/ml after 1 week at 40° C., and thendecreased to 16 mg/ml by the 2w time point (FIG. 23A). The concentrationof the EGFR #8-T58D decreased even more than the wild type EGFR #8Adnectin, to 11 mg/ml by 1w and 9 mg/ml by 2w. On the other hand, theconcentration of EGFR #8-T58E decreased to only 40 mg/ml by 1w and to 36mg/ml by 2w (FIG. 23A). These changes in soluble protein concentrationwere confirmed by the integrated SEC peak area data (FIG. 23B). The SECdata also showed that the soluble fraction of each sample remained >98%monomeric, with a small reduction in % HMW over time likely indicating ahigher aggregation propensity for the HMW species compared to monomericadnectin (FIG. 23C). Collectively, these data indicate that EGFR #8-T58Eis significantly more resistant to aggregation than EGFR #8 or EGFR#8-T58D under these accelerated stress conditions.

The data comparing the aggregation properties of EGFR #8 to EGFR #8-T58E(FIGS. 21-23) suggested that the T58E mutation decreases the aggregationpropensity of this particular Adnectin. To determine if this T58Emutation has a similar favorable impact on the aggregation properties ofother Adnectins, we expressed and purified multi-milligram quantities ofwild type EGFR #4 and EGFR #4-T58E Adnectins for biophysical studies.The EGFR #4 Adnectin was selected for the study because we had earlierfound this Adnectin was highly aggregation prone in both AS salting outstudies (FIG. 3A) and in ultrafiltration experiments (Table 1), andtherefore we anticipated that any effect of the T58E mutation would bemore easily detectable for EGFR #4 than for less aggregation-proneAdnectins. Despite binding to the same EGFR target protein, the EGFR #4adnectin had different target binding loop sequences than EGFR #8 (FIG.24).

Purified EGFR #4 and EGFR #4-T58E proteins were shown by SEC to be ofsuitable purity for biophysical studies, with more than 97% monomer foreach sample (FIG. 25A). The DSC thermogram for wild type EGFR #4 showedthat the Adnectin had high thermal stability, with a T_(onset) of ˜60°C. with two clearly resolvable transitions; a minor transition withTm=74.3° C. and a dominant transition with Tm=85.3° C. (FIG. 25B-C). TheDSC data for EGFR #4-T58E showed a similar T_(onset) near ˜60° C., andthe thermogram data for EGFR #4 was also best described by twooverlapping transitions with a minor transition having Tm1=77.4° C. anddominant transition with Tm2=83.8° C. (FIGS. 25B and D). Therefore, likeEGFR #8 (FIG. 20), the DSC data suggest that the thermal stability ofEGFR #4 was not significantly reduced by the T58→E mutation.

Ammonium sulfate salting out curves for the large scale preparations ofwild type EGFR #4 and EGFR #4-T58E show that the T58E mutation increasesthe solubility of the protein in AS, with ASm=0.865±0.014 M for wildtype EGFR #4, and ASm=1.024±0.003 for EGFR #4-T58E (average and standarddeviation of quadruplicate measurements), when tested at 0.3 mg/ml[protein] (FIG. 26).

Small scale ultrafiltration studies were performed with EGFR #4 and EGFR#4-T58E to examine their aggregation propensity. Initial ultrafiltrationstudies performed at 2-8° C. were unsuccessful for both the wild typeand mutant Adnectin due to very slow rates of volume reduction,suggesting possibly high aggregation propensity of each protein at theselow temperatures. However, both Adnectins concentrated at considerablyfaster rates when the ultrafiltration study was conducted near roomtemperature (21° C.).

Therefore, to investigate this temperature-dependent phenomenon, sampleswere concentrated by ultrafiltration at room temperature and aliquotswere stored at either 2-8° C. or at room temperature overnight. The nextmorning the insoluble material was removed by centrifugation (and 2-8°C. or room temperature respectively) and the soluble proteinconcentration was measured by A₂₈₀, and the oligomeric state wascharacterized by SEC. The data for wild type EGFR #4 showed that themajority of the protein precipitated during 2-8° C. storage, such thatthe highest concentration of soluble EGFR #4 after overnight storage was5.2 mg/ml (FIG. 27A), in good agreement with our earlier study for EGFR#4 performed under similar conditions (see Table 1). EGFR #4-T58E showeda similar trend in concentration to wild type except at the highestconcentration data point where slightly more EGFR #4-T58E remained insolution (7.4 mg/ml) compared to wild type. The recoveries for bothproteins were significantly improved in the aliquots incubated at roomtemperature, and EGFR #4-T58E in particular was found to have nearlytwo-fold higher concentration (22 mg/ml) than wild type EGFR #4 (12mg/ml) in the highest concentration aliquots (FIG. 27A). SEC data showedsimilar trends for increasing HMW as a function of protein concentrationfor EGFR #4 and EGFR #4-T58E (FIG. 27B). These data showed that theT58→E mutation reduced the aggregation propensity of EGFR #4.

The entire disclosure of each document cited herein (including patents,patent applications, journal articles, abstracts, laboratory manuals,books, GENBANK® Accession numbers, SWISS-PROT® Accession numbers, RCSBProtein Data Bank Accession numbers, or other disclosures) is herebyincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the embodimentsdisclosed herein, which are intended as single illustrations ofindividual aspects of the invention, and any that are functionallyequivalent are within the scope of the invention. Various modificationsto the models and methods of the invention, in addition to thosedescribed herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art fromthe foregoing description and teachings, and are similarly intended tofall within the scope of the invention. Such modifications or otherembodiments can be practiced without departing from the true scope andspirit of the invention.

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising a10^(th) human fibronectin type III (¹⁰Fn3) domain, wherein the aminoacid in the ¹⁰Fn3 domain corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 isGlu (E), and wherein the solubility of the ¹⁰Fn3 domain is enhancedrelative to the solubility of the same ¹⁰Fn3 domain wherein the aminoacid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Thr (T).
 42. Thenucleic acid of claim 41, further comprising at least onepharmacokinetic (PK) moiety selected from the group consisting of: apolyoxyalkylene moiety, a human serum albumin binding protein, sialicacid, human serum albumin, IgG, an IgG binding protein, transferrin, anFc, and an Fc fragment.
 43. The nucleic acid of claim 42, wherein the PKmoiety is a polyoxyalkylene moiety, and wherein the polyoxyalkylenemoiety is polyethylene glycol.
 44. The nucleic acid of claim 42, whereinthe PK moiety is an Fc or Fc fragment.
 45. The nucleic acid of claim 41,wherein the ¹⁰Fn3 domain comprises a BC loop which has the amino acidsequence of the corresponding BC loop of the wildtype human ¹⁰Fn3 domain(SEQ ID NO: 1).
 46. The nucleic acid of claim 41, wherein the solubilityof the polypeptide is determined using an ammonium sulfate solubilityassay.
 47. The nucleic acid of claim 41, wherein the DE loop of the¹⁰Fn3 domain is hydrophobic.
 48. An expression vector comprising thenucleic acid of claim
 41. 49. A host cell comprising the nucleic acid ofclaim
 41. 50. A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 48.51. A method of producing a polypeptide comprising a 10^(th) humanfibronectin type in (¹⁰Fn3) domain comprising: (a) culturing the hostcell of claim 49 under conditions that produce the polypeptide, and (b)isolating the polypeptide.
 52. A method of producing a polypeptidecomprising a 10^(th) human fibronectin type III (¹⁰Fn3) domaincomprising: (a) culturing the host cell of claim 50 under conditionsthat produce the polypeptide, and (b) isolating the polypeptide.
 53. Amethod of treating a disease or disorder comprising administering to asubject in need thereof a polypeptide comprising a 10^(th) humanfibronectin type III (¹⁰Fn3) domain, wherein the amino acid in the ¹⁰Fn3domain corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Glu (E), andwherein the solubility of the ¹⁰Fn3 domain is enhanced relative to thesolubility of the same ¹⁰Fn3 domain wherein the amino acid correspondingto residue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Thr (T).
 54. A composition comprising apolypeptide comprising a 10^(th) human fibronectin type HI (¹⁰Fn3)domain, wherein the amino acid in the ¹⁰Fn3 domain corresponding toresidue 58 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is Glu (E), and wherein the solubility of the¹⁰Fn3 domain is enhanced relative to the solubility of the same ¹⁰Fn3domain wherein the amino acid corresponding to residue 58 of SEQ ID NO:1 is Thr (T).